tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59465789714222856972024-03-18T13:14:47.465-04:00The Lineal ArboretumSome Helpful Hints for Budding Genealogists from a Family Tree SurgeonJim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.comBlogger63125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-46219045649850079612022-12-23T23:26:00.007-05:002022-12-24T20:23:03.439-05:00Using a Multidisciplinary Approach to DNA Analysis, Part 2<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7yCS27xpiW6fhbCTGVAW6_QeBar7GE-Q66D1Bit_mfYjwFqTGtJFogdpgj2UtUA0-rx0TQPFkgwYpR3vBbfcv6tN2BBoLnXfonDiWvWhIekXkX_0Mz_PxyINeWLfl0WrdOZ41_aoK46qsPc2m89rz916115FKffsPLKzmGql5DV08tuE2sElPx1BbGw/s339/MultidisciplinaryApproach.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7yCS27xpiW6fhbCTGVAW6_QeBar7GE-Q66D1Bit_mfYjwFqTGtJFogdpgj2UtUA0-rx0TQPFkgwYpR3vBbfcv6tN2BBoLnXfonDiWvWhIekXkX_0Mz_PxyINeWLfl0WrdOZ41_aoK46qsPc2m89rz916115FKffsPLKzmGql5DV08tuE2sElPx1BbGw/s16000/MultidisciplinaryApproach.png" /></a></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Back earlier this year, a genealogist posted on one of
the many genetic genealogy forums concerning the unknown relationship between
two men. They shared in the range typically for second cousins; however, one
man’s ancestry was known, and the other man’s lineage was not. Additionally,
the two men did not share Y-DNA or mtDNA haplogroups. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The genealogist argued, since they did not share
haplogroups, these two lines could be eliminated. I countered with the following
argument: while that would generally be the case, it is not always that cut and
dry. I additionally provided an illustration where a male (X14) did not share a
Y-DNA haplogroup with five other males. My conclusion was that X14 was related
through the patrilineal line of these five other men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">My Illustration</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">The five known related males were either tested or had the presumed
haplotype of I1/I-M253 with the supposition of having the specific haplotype of
I-A10921, as the father of four of the men had tested with the Big-Y700 test at
FTDNA. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The remaining male, a first cousin to these four brothers
tested with a 111-marker test at FTDNA and he matches two of his uncles with a
0 Genetic Distance at this level. The other uncle took the Big Y700 test and
has the terminal haplogroup of I-A10921. This is the same terminal haplogroup
that is shared with his brother, a second cousin, and two fourth cousins. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Our mystery male who tested at Y-37, however, has the predicted
Y-DNA haplogroup of I2a1a, which is also known as I-P37. The writer of the initial
post countered that I1 and I2 could be confused. According to <a href="https://www.yfull.com/" target="_blank">YFull</a>, I1 and I2 split
from haplogroup “I” 27,500 years before the present. I don’t think there could
be any confusion between I1 and I2. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In our analysis, we’ve added two females for an additional autosomal comparison.
The following chart indicates the relationships among these seven relatives.</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih0dfVsWmHTWe6mt8BJ6d5TQuBpfM_E5e79HRH11jLU8G0X9sLjKdsDHvJIn4Hz1TyU5clkJLOr6tXX1QqVnYaWJKzb-tObBBNNLrE1hYPb_9aFcMOaJTRw0HgjlQc3uF9w4eQP1NmVa6GVLuzCMwxRNkxYhjNRxIlaBysjVdUoC2zv7Hg_SUShnBEag/s500/Tree.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="500" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih0dfVsWmHTWe6mt8BJ6d5TQuBpfM_E5e79HRH11jLU8G0X9sLjKdsDHvJIn4Hz1TyU5clkJLOr6tXX1QqVnYaWJKzb-tObBBNNLrE1hYPb_9aFcMOaJTRw0HgjlQc3uF9w4eQP1NmVa6GVLuzCMwxRNkxYhjNRxIlaBysjVdUoC2zv7Hg_SUShnBEag/w400-h220/Tree.png" width="400" /></a> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">In the table below, we’ve listed the Y-DNA predicted either
by FTDNA or 23andMe. C13 is presumed, as he has not had his Y-DNA tested;
however, he is a full brother to C10, C07, and C11 and a first cousin to C09
and, as noted above, his father participated in Big Y testing. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcKGpTFSQ6VIxqIm1wAQ5ka64yzlJ_iqgwXAFcCGFKzLaIHIeEEmxUNG6HyFISokKcbt7vSchKX2sha_d5Byd4vcSfkigg2zO4xXxcwDenAb1kxdYz7Hgp5q6unsifIXrPBE-UGwP_SEbqFSQCdXHt7eMe7ABuwG6VzfX3GipnpYS-4cczt-NAURfp7w/s469/X-14.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="469" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcKGpTFSQ6VIxqIm1wAQ5ka64yzlJ_iqgwXAFcCGFKzLaIHIeEEmxUNG6HyFISokKcbt7vSchKX2sha_d5Byd4vcSfkigg2zO4xXxcwDenAb1kxdYz7Hgp5q6unsifIXrPBE-UGwP_SEbqFSQCdXHt7eMe7ABuwG6VzfX3GipnpYS-4cczt-NAURfp7w/w416-h195/X-14.png" width="416" /> </a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div>The Shared DNA Project’s filter tool at <a href="https://DNAPainter.com" target="_blank">DNAPainter.com</a> predicted
X14’s relationships with these seven individuals. In each prediction, the
relationship with the greatest probability with X14 was as follows: <p></p>
<p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Half Second Great Aunt/Uncle</li><li>Second Cousin</li><li>Half First Cousin, Once Removed or </li><li>Half Second Great Niece/Nephew</li></ul><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal">The probability percentages for these relationships are
found in the “Prediction” column. We’ll discuss the “Actual” column later. The
ages of the participants would rule out the second great aunt/uncle and the
second great niece/nephew predictions – leaving us with two relationship possibilities:
second cousin or half first cousin, once removed. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">The Relationship</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">These two relationships, however, are incorrect – but viable
according to the predictions. The actual relationship is that of first cousin,
once removed. In five of the predictions, the actual relationship shows as the
second highest in all participants except with C09 and C13. In these cases, it is
predicted as the third highest in probability. According to the Shared cM
Project, the mean value for a first cousin, once removed is 433 cM with the largest
represented group at this relationship is found between 401 cM and 500 cM. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">To be honest, I have left out a few details, as this is a
known relationship to this author. X14 and the seven comparison relatives share
the same birth surname. He is the grandson of C01 – the brother of C02 and C03.
X14’s mother (C-C) is the daughter of C01. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While it does not affect this analysis, C-N and C-K also
share 20.3 cM on the X-chromosome with X14. C01’s X-DNA with both of his
brothers is considerably lower than average for a full sibling. X14 shares the
same amount of X-DNA with these two sisters and their father as does his mother
and grandfather. </p>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Low cM Numbers</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">As with any relationship, the amount of shared autosomal DNA
can vary. According to the Shared cM Project, a first cousin, once removed relationship
has a range of 102 cM to 980 cM. In this case, there are some anomalies present
in this family. One is the shared cM between C01 and his full brother C02,
which is 2398.2 or 41% by 23andMe’s calculations. Additionally, C01 and his
grandson X14 share 1378.4 cM or 19%. These low numbers impact how much
downstream relatives will share. </p>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Conclusion</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">While the relationship is not through X14’s patrilineal lineage,
it is through the patrilineal lineage of the seven comparison relatives. When
looking at known relatives, do not discount the possibility that there may be a
relationship through their match’s patrilineal or matrilineal lines although
they do not share haplogroups. There are situations in families where this can
and does occur. While this is not the normal way we would ascertain a match, it
is best not to leave any stone unturned. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p></p>Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-40340320055249485732022-07-03T13:10:00.038-04:002022-07-31T00:39:31.745-04:00Using a Multidisciplinary Approach to DNA Analysis, Part 1<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWh1CFawR_lHfzPbqxfqRE6qEMo5C3lcnxptCAYcx31-WOju0nW7YXxM8ARdK83vtGUPkmhCI1HOor_g4zzHzAQ07C7ytMNn6Yr7an7bQRyik_Zz6Gs3ipDDG7So5y1JqgvCPXlgQUxu8SxJSwa5yDbOkWciP4o676mzRmb9Ynbwc71tSwgRb-JsgrGA/s339/MultidisciplinaryApproach.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWh1CFawR_lHfzPbqxfqRE6qEMo5C3lcnxptCAYcx31-WOju0nW7YXxM8ARdK83vtGUPkmhCI1HOor_g4zzHzAQ07C7ytMNn6Yr7an7bQRyik_Zz6Gs3ipDDG7So5y1JqgvCPXlgQUxu8SxJSwa5yDbOkWciP4o676mzRmb9Ynbwc71tSwgRb-JsgrGA/s16000/MultidisciplinaryApproach.png" /></a><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><b>Note:</b> This post was updated on 30 July 2022 with new information.</i> <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Recently, I suggested to a person on one of the many genetic genealogy
forums that you may be able to use Y-DNA, mtDNA, and X-DNA to narrow down a
particular line of descent for an individual autosomal match. I was immediately rebuffed
by someone who basically said the following, “Y-DNA, mtDNA, and
X-DNA have no place in an autosomal DNA study.” </p><p class="MsoNormal">I responded, “While the
inheritance patterns of other types of DNA are different, they still can be used (in some
cases) to determine possible lines of relationship.” The responder was not
convinced and was agitated that I would even suggest such tactics. However, a
multidisciplinary approach to DNA <u>may</u> aid in eliminating certain lineages from
consideration when determining the origin of a match. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">I thought most folks who have dipped their toes into the genetic genealogical pool would have known this; however, after being involved in several discussions on this topic, I felt the need to author several posts in this regard. </span></p><h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">The Larger Study<br /></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the past, I have used autosomal and Y-DNA to determine
relationships, but up until recently, I have not had the opportunity to use
mtDNA and X-DNA to do the same. The examples found in this discourse are
part of an ongoing study that uses autosomal DNA, X-DNA, and mtDNA from nearly 30
participants who are related to our ancestral couple: Ancestral Father (AF)
and Ancestral Mother (AM). </p><p class="MsoNormal">In trying to determine a particular genealogical problem of
whether a person was the natural or adopted child of one of AF and AM’s
children, I used autosomal and mtDNA to test a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis (names changed) was similar to the following: H<sub>0:</sub> Mary Smith was not the natural daughter of Jane Doe. By comparing
the autosomal DNA from descendants of AF and AM and matching mtDNA transmitted from
AM, the null hypothesis was rejected. Descent in this case was verified. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While this study is ongoing and we are still amassing evidence in hopes of submitting the finished product for publication, the surname of the family and all
additional specific information concerning these lineages (including references
and location) have been omitted to protect the original study. </p><p class="MsoNormal">This has been
done so that my work is not co-opted by another individual who has been
known to plunder my research on this family and publish it online. I began this study during 2014 when I first became aware of several issues related to this lineage. This project involves a surreptitious narrative that is far more involved than the DNA analysis. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">This isn't an analysis of this particular study per se; it is an exercise to show that using other DNA types can aid an autosomal study. So while the names, locations, and documentation of sources are absent, the techniques are present and that's what is important to this post. <br /></span></p><h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b>The Current Problem</b></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">While working on the DNA analysis, we have identified two unknown
individuals genetically related to this family:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>U1 –
an adopted individual and U2 – who cannot be placed as of yet. It is
believed that U2 descends from one of the Ancestral Mother’s siblings. Until
more information is available, it is uncertain how U2 is connected to the family. </p><p class="MsoNormal">This tangential part of the study was conducted to aid U1 in identifying her
birth mother. Therefore, our task is to narrow the possible lines of descent
for U1’s birth mother that may possibly lead to her identity. <br /></p>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b>Background of the Family<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">While AF and AM had 11 children, three failed to attain the
age of majority and their names are currently unknown. These additional children were listed in the number of children born to the mother in both the 1900 and 1910 censuses. Seven of 11 children were listed as living in the 1900 census and six of 11 were numbered as living in the 1910. E-Prime (E0) died before 1900 and her sister A-Prime (A0) expired prior to 1910.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Of the eight
children who attained majority, one son never married nor had any known issue. Descendants of six of the remaining seven children have tested. We
are still attempting to attract descendants of the youngest child S-Prime (S0)
to test. While S0 had two sons and two daughters, neither of her daughters produced
issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Twenty of AF and AM's 35 grandchildren produced issue; descendants of 14 grandchildren are current participants. We are still soliciting participants to strengthen our original study's results. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The known children of the ancestral parents are as follows:</p>
<p></p><ul style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><li>E-Prime (E0) – daughter, born 1856; 8
participants</li><li>K-Prime (K0) – daughter, born 1858; 2
participants</li><li>J-Prime (J0) – son, born 1862; 9 participants <br /></li><li>Son, born 1864 (no issue)</li><li>A-Prime (A0) – daughter, born 1867; 3
participants</li><li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>W-Prime (W0) – son, born 1869; 3 participants</li><li>F-Prime (F0) – son, born 1871; 2 participants</li><li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>S-Prime (S0) – daughter, born 1875; no known
tested descendants</li></ul><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal">Additionally, there are several others in this project </p>
<ul style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><li>Six descendants from AF’s surname lineage: X1-X6, with four descended from AF’s siblings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </li><li>Two likely descendants of J0 (not in the data
presented). These two share sizeable amounts of autosomal DNA with J0’s
descendants as well as to descendants of J0’s wife’s sisters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </li><li>Two unknowns: U1 and U2. </li></ul><p class="MsoNormal">It is also noted that all the descendants of E0 and K0
share double relationships. Additionally, the grandchildren (E1, E2,
& E3) of one of E0’s sons share double relationships with all the descendants of J0. Finally, the descendants of the oldest daughter of W0 share double relationships with the descendants of the oldest granddaughter of A0. None of
these double relationships impact the results of this present analysis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">With U1, it is possible narrow down her birth relationship
to two possible lines, but we are still soliciting family members to test to
determine her mother’s exact identity. In this discourse, I’ll show how we are
using autosomal, X-DNA, and mtDNA in an attempt to narrow the possibilities. </p>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b>Autosomal DNA</b></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">In looking at the triangulated segments between U1 and
others represented in this project, it is obvious that U1 is related to, if not
descended from, AF and AM. The triangulated segments are listed below. </p><p class="MsoNormal">We have
also separated the triangulated segments between U1 and only those descended
from A0. We’ll elaborate on this in the next paragraph. I have also separated
out a triangulated segment between U1 and two descendants of a sister of AF. This is somewhat inconclusive, as the relationship could come through one of U1’s other lineages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWz1DG45Hftor2BVZFgqE0uZO85JC2OF3N9Mwb40WuDJ_4ujctHl7uI1d_I162dbpvk_caTjgiL-nSoXSDQD07XgXJYjFVRp5u5Zch2DIkIfKTJBXnIMuOuuyc1nP-7yWEByg-Z1vEqHOtzfxwaiqLXiE7BEi-W0KjcNYsavZOsHNnO7ZG2LjZ1VGldQ/s452/Triangulation.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWz1DG45Hftor2BVZFgqE0uZO85JC2OF3N9Mwb40WuDJ_4ujctHl7uI1d_I162dbpvk_caTjgiL-nSoXSDQD07XgXJYjFVRp5u5Zch2DIkIfKTJBXnIMuOuuyc1nP-7yWEByg-Z1vEqHOtzfxwaiqLXiE7BEi-W0KjcNYsavZOsHNnO7ZG2LjZ1VGldQ/s16000/Triangulation.png" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>The amount of DNA U1 matches with various tested individuals
narrows to one child of AF & AM who is the likely ancestor of U1. In the
chart below, except for the matches with J1 (at 50.6 cM) and E2 (48.6 cM), the larger matches are
found among the descendants of A0. </p><p>J1 is three generations from AF and AM. Her
father was the last born grandchild of AF and AM and places her a generation or
more above all other participants; therefore, she would likely share more than others at a further distance. As far as E2 (a brother of E1 and E3), he generally shares higher amounts of autosomal DNA from this ancestral couple than others descended from his great-grandmother with the exception of a second cousin (E6). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiui4M4d78IdYNK046sqczYARhMmH7Mrf5Pw87zJQ6XjRHNBE2o3BPgbKezY2dAsB3C5nt5BIA5Xw5P-F5vUvCyS-fEGqFHcvI2RCnRqCcKh5zdw7dJI1106AdBPfTuhByRO_ahn3RyHBRkKAHmJ-aL76Wt_NKA4MXkavXE_DCthP4PxuCDb38VP7J1NQ/s644/U1_Matches.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="387" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiui4M4d78IdYNK046sqczYARhMmH7Mrf5Pw87zJQ6XjRHNBE2o3BPgbKezY2dAsB3C5nt5BIA5Xw5P-F5vUvCyS-fEGqFHcvI2RCnRqCcKh5zdw7dJI1106AdBPfTuhByRO_ahn3RyHBRkKAHmJ-aL76Wt_NKA4MXkavXE_DCthP4PxuCDb38VP7J1NQ/s16000/U1_Matches.png" /></a></span></div><p></p><p>U1’s two largest autosomal DNA shares are with A1 and A3.
Both individuals share 103.7 cM autosomal DNA and a little over 20 cM on
the X-Chromosome. Using the Shared cM Project, the most likely predicted relationship
for both A1 and A3 with U1 is that of second cousins, once removed. A2 is
predicted as a third cousin, once removed. While other relationships are
possible, these better fit the scenario in question. Therefore, it is likely
that U1 descends from A0 – the fifth known child of the ancestral parents. </p><p></p><p></p>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b>X-DNA</b></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">While the data from our analysis of 17 X-DNA matching
segments among the participants is currently inconclusive, there are some possible theories that could
be further tested. The chart below shows the X-DNA inheritance of 12 tested
known descendants of AF and AM. F0’s living descendants are not present due to a
double male lineage that negates the transmission of X-DNA in the living descendants of F0. It is possible that
some of the untested descendants of one of S0's sons will have additional X-DNA matches. This
remains to be seen. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC1q5XqaqUVRG7EGNTwas3z82I0Fxr2ykE7aBE78J1--yHP-r_zuJC-tzXbfjE6oBBePXHCd3QFJ8xxVCS9fkrz5BFjM6Pwr9j4_AMEph1LymyPChfmIQ8alNvGkv6QNnzn8PuRV-fOK0GLqA2i-XJ_ez5yjkU3biXmh216gLL_R8AQYs4omkeZhtPng/s451/X-Transmission.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="217" data-original-width="451" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC1q5XqaqUVRG7EGNTwas3z82I0Fxr2ykE7aBE78J1--yHP-r_zuJC-tzXbfjE6oBBePXHCd3QFJ8xxVCS9fkrz5BFjM6Pwr9j4_AMEph1LymyPChfmIQ8alNvGkv6QNnzn8PuRV-fOK0GLqA2i-XJ_ez5yjkU3biXmh216gLL_R8AQYs4omkeZhtPng/w405-h194/X-Transmission.png" width="405" /></a></div>In the above chart, the circles represent females and
squares represent males. The pink circles and squares represent X-DNA only
coming from AM. The purple represents X-DNA possibly inherited through both AF and AM.
The half purple and gray represent X-DNA inheritance that comes from AF, AM, and/or
a shared paternal relative in the descendants of E0 and K0. This is not germane
to this analysis, but it is to the original research project. <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The 17 segments are depicted below. Pay particular attention to the eight matching segments with A1 and the three matching segments with U1. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvly9IwnLNm3uVlt3W-cfSBjAvQ2t8j0sDDgSNJow7YRZFJh8_EYw6w85ALrJdyCvSOdvx-YgFg3As2V-oI8jP2dEQKAA4hkpEm34DQj2EqDJl7Z96O1JWAMRQolA1ttVUfSjh-RzE6hDBiLnCXFwldJ28SZrOzHM9G0e_TXtBliQbHl1Kkla0FVENvQ/s1133/X-Chromosome_Vertical.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1133" data-original-width="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvly9IwnLNm3uVlt3W-cfSBjAvQ2t8j0sDDgSNJow7YRZFJh8_EYw6w85ALrJdyCvSOdvx-YgFg3As2V-oI8jP2dEQKAA4hkpEm34DQj2EqDJl7Z96O1JWAMRQolA1ttVUfSjh-RzE6hDBiLnCXFwldJ28SZrOzHM9G0e_TXtBliQbHl1Kkla0FVENvQ/s16000/X-Chromosome_Vertical.png" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Note: The matches represented are inter-prime families and not intra-prime family. For example, the matches are shown for E5 and E6 with J5; however, the 11.6 cM match between E5 and E6 is not shown. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">The matches in black between the descendants of E0 and K0
are probably from a relationship outside of AF and AM’s family. E0’s children
are first cousins to both K0’s daughter and her husband (the son of E0’s
sister-in-law). </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Any matches with J0’s and W0’s descendants are from AM and
could come from her mother, father, or a combination of both, but not through
AF. The matches between E0’s descendants an A0’s descendants could come from AF’s
mother, AM’s parents, or any combination thereof. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The longest X-DNA match (in red) is between E5 and A1 at 41.9 cM.
However, A1’s match to E5 has overlapping matches with J3 and J4 (in light blue) at the
beginning of the segment and overlapping matches with W1 and W2 (in dark green) at the end of the
segment. The overlaps would come from one or both of AM’s parents. It is
noteworthy that A1’s matches with this family cover most of the X-chromosome –
only 35-40 cM is not represented by one of her X-chromosomes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">E5’s match with U1 does not correspond with A1’s match with
W1 and W2. This signifies that at least part of E5’s match with U1 comes from
either the other parent of AM or from AF’s mother. This may be the case with part
or all A1’s match with U1. At this juncture, it is impossible to tell, but we
are continuing to look for other possible X-DNA participants. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Since A3's match with U1 is not triangulated with anyone else, this segment could have been inherited through a spouse of one of A0’s descendants and not directly from AF or AM. </p><p class="MsoNormal">At this point, the X-DNA analysis is inconclusive; however, additional X-DNA matches may shed additional light on the connection. What we can conclude is that U1 matches E5, A1, and A3 on the X-chromosome through lines that share the unique transmission of X-DNA.<br /></p>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b>mtDNA</b></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">As mitochondrial DNA is passed from mother to child, we are
fortunate to have three participants that share the same mtDNA haplogroup
(K1a4a1) with their ancestral mother AM. They are E8, K1, and A3. These three
individuals have an unbroken female descent from AM. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Fortunately for this exercise, U1 also shares the K1a4a1 haplogroup. Before we proceed, there is a caveat. Just because there is a matching haplogroup, this is not conclusive by itself as coming directly from AM. It could have been passed through an unrelated ancestor or someone with deeper ancestry to AM’s family. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">While this haplogroup could be shared from descendants of
AM’s sisters, we can partially eliminate this possibility. AM had two
sisters reach maturity. One could not be located after 1850. Additionally, her
name is not listed in her mother’s 1879 will. Unfortunately, we cannot rule out
that she lived beyond 1850 and produced issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> This will always be a possibility until her death without issue is confirmed.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The other sister had four daughters and a son. We can rule
out the son, as he could not pass his mtDNA to his children. Of the four daughters,
it does not appear that shared mtDNA was passed to present descendants through any of
these children. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><ul style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><li>Daughter One – had one daughter who produced one
son.</li><li>Daughter Two – only had one son.</li><li>Daughter Three – had one daughter who produced
no issue.</li><li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Daughter Four – had a son and an adopted daughter.</li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal">This, along with the larger match with A0’s descendants, mtDNA
strengthens the theory that U1 is a female line descendant of A0. </p>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b>Conclusion</b> </h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">The amount of shared DNA between U1’s and AF & AM's descendants
indicates that U1 is descended from this couple. There is also matching mtDNA
that is consistent with AM’s mtDNA. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Other considerations include
the following inconclusive results: </p><ul style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><li>U1’s matching to two descendants of AF’s sister (which may or may not come from
other lineages), <br /></li><li>The possibility of inheriting X-DNA from AF’s mother, and </li><li>The
lack of likely mtDNA matches among the known descendants of AM’s traceable sister. </li></ul><p class="MsoNormal">As the amount of autosomal DNA shared with
A1, A2, and A3 indicates descent from A0, let’s look at the possibilities in
A0’s family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A0 and her husband produced six children – four sons and two
daughters. Three sons died as children. The remaining son (A0b) is the ancestor of
A1 and A2. He can be eliminated, as he could not pass on his mitochondrial DNA. Additionally, A0b produced 11 children who all lived to the age of majority. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The eldest daughter (A0a) had two sons. These sons could not pass their mtDNA to anyone. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This leaves the third child (A0c) – a daughter who was the
great-grandmother of A3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A0c had nine children – all attained the age of majority.
Five sons can be eliminated. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">That leaves four daughters: A0c3, A0c6, A0c7, and A0c8.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A0c6 is A3’s grandmother who had one daughter – A3’s mother.
Any relationship through this lineage would produce a larger amount of shared autosomal DNA. This
line can be eliminated. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A0c3 left the family home prior to 1940 and moved to New York City. She and her husband produced no children. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A0c7 had one daughter who remained in the local area at least through 1999 and may be living there presently. She would have been 27 at the time of U1’s
birth. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A0c8 also had one daughter – she would have been 21 at the
time of U1’s birth. She remained in the same county where U1 was born and where
the adoption occurred. She only moved to a neighboring county as a senior citizen. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the above possibilities, the relationship of U1 being
born to a daughter of A0c7 or A0c8 would make her a second cousin to A3;
a second cousin, once removed to A1; and a third cousin to A2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </p><p class="MsoNormal">While a share of 103.7 cM is low for second
cousins, the range for relationship according to the Shared cM Project is
41-592 cM. The average share for this relationship is 229 cM; therefore, 103.7 cM is consistent with
other second cousin relationships. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This exercise allows us to narrow down possible individuals
to test. Although this project did not set out to find the birth family of an
adopted child, it has provided us this opportunity. The narrowing down the approximate
ancestry of U1 required us to use genealogical records and a multidisciplinary DNA
approach.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">With autosomal DNA pointing to
descent from A0 and without the use of mtDNA, the exercise would have required us to consider numerous lines
in A0’s family. By using mtDNA, we narrowed the possibilities to only two
lines instead of a possible 22 (2 children from A0a, 11 from A0b and 9 from A0c). </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I hope this has shown that, by using other forms of DNA in
tandem with autosomal DNA, a multidisciplinary approach may be able to narrow
your search to a smaller number of possible connections. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p>Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-71758221294170824012019-01-22T18:31:00.000-05:002019-01-23T18:01:26.957-05:00My Hot 100<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAyEczLVMorQdExJ91-y8Srq6sUfHiT3zsgu0a81E3MQELBYugYAmMceOOSZHpOhI-s4VavJ6n1iZadcQMVRn-CDff80JKDsiuUA7JmeK7zBlSPnTYNXBYYWAvUyX23jJ_2_G3Ou_oDQpk/s1600/Hot100.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="167" data-original-width="376" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAyEczLVMorQdExJ91-y8Srq6sUfHiT3zsgu0a81E3MQELBYugYAmMceOOSZHpOhI-s4VavJ6n1iZadcQMVRn-CDff80JKDsiuUA7JmeK7zBlSPnTYNXBYYWAvUyX23jJ_2_G3Ou_oDQpk/s320/Hot100.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The other day, Blaine Bettinger looked at his top 50 matches
across four testing companies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was
careful to note that his analysis only included individuals that he didn’t personally
test.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The results are posted the
Facebook group <a href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=533872965176&set=gm.573079269822444&type=3&theater&ifg=1" target="_blank">Genetic Genealogy Tips & Techniques</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was impressed with this tactic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Taking advantage of a snowy day, I decided to look at my top
100 matches that I hadn’t tested or hadn’t influenced to test, as there are
over 60 family members that fit this category over all platforms – with some
having their results uploaded to FTDNA and MyHeritage. Since I was involved with
the music business early in my career, I named these matches as my "Hot 100" as an
homage to <i>Billboard</i>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I decided to look at these 100 matches two ways: by the testing
company and by the possible connection via one of my grandparents. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Match sizes ranged from 43cM to 315cM. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
BY COMPANY</h3>
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
Ancestry</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ancestry’s large customer base was probably the reason the
bulk of my matches were found in their database. Seventy-four of my Hot 100 tested
with Ancestry with 70 of those being unique to their database. Both my mother
and I were Ancestry beta testers in 2012. I added my wife, who had tested
previously at 23andMe. Being that she was adopted, I was hoping to find a
relative to her birth father, as we knew her birth mother. We found her
paternal first cousin in 2018 via an Ancestry match. We also found several maternal first cousins as
well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition to the three kits that
I manage, there are five close relatives I’ve influenced to test who are on Ancestry.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</div>
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
23andMe</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fifteen of my Hot 100 were found at 23andMe with 12 being
unique to this company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I began testing
with 23andMe in 2010 and have 27 kits on this platform. Additionally, there are three
other customers who I’ve influenced to test. Up until 2013, I primarily used 23andMe as
my autosomal testing company of choice; however, the subscription pricing model
which they adopted several years ago and later dropped was my reason for moving
to FTDNA as my primary testing source.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
MyHeritage</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The newest autosomal company in the mix, MyHeritage,
produced 13 matches with 10 being unique to this company. I have one test and
several transfers from my surname lineage at MyHeritage. Several of these unique participants are
related to me twice. I will further address this below. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
FamilyTreeDNA (FTDNA) </h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
FamilyTreeDNA produced five matches with only one
unique to the FTDNA database. I often test family members with FTDNA and the
bulk of my new participants test at FTDNA, as I often test the males with my
surname with Y-DNA, so it is important to take care of both with one kit and sample. All my
23andMe tests and one Ancestry test have been transferred to FTDNA making a total of 58 kits from my family on FTDNA.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I had someone ask me the other day why there were so few of my
matches from FamilyTreeDNA. I was surprised by the low number as well. My guess
is that both Ancestry and 23andMe do a considerable amount of advertising on
TV, radio, and online and this has a profound influence on consumer behavior.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MyHeritage has done some online advertising
as well. I can’t say that I’ve ever seen or heard an ad for FTDNA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<h4>
LivingDNA</h4>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While LivingDNA's matching application is in it's beta phase, I have one match and this individual, who has also tested with FamilyTreeDNA, is within the Hot 100. </div>
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
Multiple Testing Companies/GEDMatch</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Like Blaine, I didn’t find many individuals in my Hot
100 who tested at multiple companies: only seven in total.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One tested at 23andMe and FTDNA, one tested
at Ancestry and MyHeritage, one tested at Ancestry and 23andMe, one tested at
23andMe and MyHeritage, one tested at FTDNA and LivingDNA, and two tested at three companies: one with Ancestry,
MyHeritage, and FTDNA and the other with Ancestry, 23andMe, and FTDNA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As far as those uploading to GEDMatch, I have five
individuals I haven’t tested who match at 43cM or higher. Unfortunately, I
cannot identify three of these individuals due to the aliases being used. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
BY CONNECTION</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In this exercise, I decided also to determine the common
ancestor of my Hot 100 matches. While this was not always possible, I was able,
in most cases, to identify the grandparent through which the connection was likely
to have occurred.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> These assumptions are not conclusive, as the matches may be through a completely different line. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie8XkbmZHodfbL7VrrezmztzMqSMIc-P3at1NAPb9Z6rgLMM2Jq1UQgc8zoGNZFnSHzr_mSdP_A4-fUALT-D-9IU3jDKrWFALvmy9zHaB873z4H7OvztoNIAMzhpj2C7d0Sc0aWwHyrbQM/s1600/hot100-grandparent.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="415" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie8XkbmZHodfbL7VrrezmztzMqSMIc-P3at1NAPb9Z6rgLMM2Jq1UQgc8zoGNZFnSHzr_mSdP_A4-fUALT-D-9IU3jDKrWFALvmy9zHaB873z4H7OvztoNIAMzhpj2C7d0Sc0aWwHyrbQM/s1600/hot100-grandparent.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
Unknowns</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Twelve percent of my matches were identified as unknown
paternal (3%) and unknown maternal (9%). Further delineation of the relationships
were impossible to ascertain due to the subjects not matching others in my
family. The basis of whether these individuals were maternal or paternal
was determined on whether the subjects matched my mother or not. My father died decades before the
advent of commercial DNA testing. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All 12 matched me and at least one of my brothers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It appears that by not matching my known
second cousins and half-cousins (or anyone else who was closely related to me
and my siblings) that the common ancestor might be further back in time than others
in the Hot 100. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
Paternal Grandfather</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The connections to my paternal grandfather, George Hood
Owston (1879-1924), are the smallest <i>known</i> group overall. While I’ve concentrated my research with targeted testing on my surname lineage, very few (10%) who are related through my grandfather have tested on
their own. Four of those are descended from my grandfather’s brother, Ovington
French Owston. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglLnhU__HU9OdPCpTThaELD637loKzyJpdsSMTWvk7UpyLk-RQAuV_RDmlBWPDkcXl3g9flwW0JP51LwCaUWnFPFiZG3lvcgJeJpVo_TiJLPG0bU7kV1A1nRrk6Dds3Q0f1588R6oCMdwt/s1600/GeorgeOwston.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="398" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglLnhU__HU9OdPCpTThaELD637loKzyJpdsSMTWvk7UpyLk-RQAuV_RDmlBWPDkcXl3g9flwW0JP51LwCaUWnFPFiZG3lvcgJeJpVo_TiJLPG0bU7kV1A1nRrk6Dds3Q0f1588R6oCMdwt/s320/GeorgeOwston.jpg" width="273" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My paternal grandfather: George H. Owston, circa 1905</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
Paternal Grandmother</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It doesn’t surprise me that the majority of the Hot 100 are
related to me through my paternal grandmother, Lora Gardner Day
(1874-1953).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I realized this with my
first test through 23andMe in 2010 and chalked it up to her Colonial New
England ancestry. Many of these matches may be related to me through several
different colonial lines. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In addition, seven of these matches are through my
grandmother’s first marriage which produced three daughters who lived to the
age of majority. My father was from her second marriage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most of these matches are descended from my
father’s half-sister Ruth while one each is through his half-sisters Nathalie and
Blanche. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These rank at 1, 2, 4, 6, 17,
and 84. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYdZMl4qPTBUwhcsB4TUwR1ohYiSx0pGKEEeoNi_qM6RUQIwO_PWbIzWxeREHSarwgXS1it7QTaLb7_oH8cuM9_Twn2M3CTRnK7iIBqizn18Dt68MtGDlGcENNKZceGqgUfnke5TQtNv4r/s1600/LoraOwston.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="398" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYdZMl4qPTBUwhcsB4TUwR1ohYiSx0pGKEEeoNi_qM6RUQIwO_PWbIzWxeREHSarwgXS1it7QTaLb7_oH8cuM9_Twn2M3CTRnK7iIBqizn18Dt68MtGDlGcENNKZceGqgUfnke5TQtNv4r/s320/LoraOwston.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My father with his mother, Lora Day Owston, circa 1924</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Because of the age difference between my dad and his sisters
and with me being the youngest of 14 grandchildren of my grandmother (and the only one born after her
death), I only met six of my 11 half-cousins who were born between 1917 and 1943. Only
three are still living. Facebook has opened the possibility knowing my
cousins’ children and grandchildren from this side of the family. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
Mixed Paternal Grandparents</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Some of my closest matches come from a unique relationship
that connects to three of my great grandparents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My grandmother’s sister, Susie Eva Day (1871-1946),
was married to my grandfather’s uncle, John Freemont Merriman (1862-1941), the
brother of Mary Emma Merriman Owston (1856-1895). This couple influenced my
grandparent’s marriage in 1911.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John and
Susie’s 12 children were first cousins to my father via his mother and first
cousins, once removed via his father.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These individuals are among my strongest matches and many have tested at
MyHeritage. Descendants of John and Susie Merriman ranked at 3, 7, 16, 18, 20,
52, & 62.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
Maternal Grandfather</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fifteen percent of the total are connected to my maternal
grandfather, John Alva Brakeall (1883-1957). Many of the distant matches who
have larger amounts of shared DNA may be due to being related to me through
multiple lines, as my great-grandparents were second cousins. Most of these are
more closely related through my great-grandfather, but two recent testers are
more closely related to me via my great-grandmother’s brother, John Staley.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFa2JA8jS0q8wwpTzsU5cc5o1tZ-YRKvb-Gy2Vvc_XFbjKqV03C_ELKdPakptHKdFjoupytc-jWOWUnKNeMP9GlQGCt4bi62xos-D_Gmpcrhs5fEINvuvryPoPACFqCGvsdCuCtrQYTGHx/s1600/JohnAlvaBrakeall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="398" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFa2JA8jS0q8wwpTzsU5cc5o1tZ-YRKvb-Gy2Vvc_XFbjKqV03C_ELKdPakptHKdFjoupytc-jWOWUnKNeMP9GlQGCt4bi62xos-D_Gmpcrhs5fEINvuvryPoPACFqCGvsdCuCtrQYTGHx/s320/JohnAlvaBrakeall.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Me and my maternal grandfather, Alva Brakeall, 1957</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
Maternal Grandmother</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Finally, the biggest surprise is the number of matches through
my maternal grandmother, Rose Pauline Schad (1885-1976).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Up until recently, there were no matches that
could be connected through her lineage, as her family was our most recent
immigrants to North America.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Additionally, my grandmother was 7/8 German and 1/8 French Waldenses who
settled in Württemberg in the 1690s and who didn’t intermarry with local
Germans until the early 19<sup>th</sup> century. Most of these matches are
descended from the sisters of my grandmother or sisters of my
great-grandfather.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only one can be
traced to our Waldensian connection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheBr10NWgABm5yvzyI1m9YdFrJbH1lvhhSYbXBfd0EjJSqAmRnu-DUPDgt2inKDO-FHxfw2GV3f7Z1NfBMbRjjQtpRAo9fP3Tpn3XUnpDvyiwcJN4FUkvNK2HCHcbemuKbCLw_oGwAHiDB/s1600/RoseBrakeall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="398" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheBr10NWgABm5yvzyI1m9YdFrJbH1lvhhSYbXBfd0EjJSqAmRnu-DUPDgt2inKDO-FHxfw2GV3f7Z1NfBMbRjjQtpRAo9fP3Tpn3XUnpDvyiwcJN4FUkvNK2HCHcbemuKbCLw_oGwAHiDB/s320/RoseBrakeall.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Me and my maternal grandmother, Rose Schad Brakeall, 1974</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
CONCLUSION</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This was an interesting exercise that I hadn’t attempted in
the past and it opened my eyes to the number of individuals who share DNA with
me and our connections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was also
helpful to see the importance of testing at Ancestry, as the bulk of my matches
came from this company; however, 26% of my matches did not test at Ancestry.
With this, it is important to test at all autosomal companies so that you
wouldn’t miss any matches. Of the 19 individuals that matched at 100cM or
higher, three tested only at MyHeritage and one tested at 23andMe. If you are
only testing at one company, you may be missing important matches. </div>
Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-16944268053551245472018-12-01T22:32:00.002-05:002018-12-13T22:13:22.842-05:00Understanding FTDNA's New Big Y-500 Differences Column<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
During this past week, Family Tree DNA has added a column to
the Y-DNA Matches feature called “Big Y-500 STR Differences.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There has been much said about this column,
and there is a great deal of confusion as to what it means. I’ve seen a few
argue a point that is different than the one I espouse. Hopefully, by the end
of this post, we can agree on this new set of data.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></h3>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
Background</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Owston/Ouston DNA project has a total of 33 Y-DNA participants
with 16 having taken a Big Y-500 test. The Big Y-500 participants range in relationship
of a second cousin pair to an estimated 13<sup>th</sup> cousin, twice removed
pair. Most relationships fall between eighth cousins and ninth cousins, once
removed. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our family charts can be found
at <a href="http://www.owston.com/family/owston/Owston_Family_Charts.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.owston.com/family/owston/Owston_Family_Charts.pdf.</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A truncated version of my personal Y-111 report with Big Y-500
data appears below and shows the genetic distance at 111 markers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have removed all duplicate information and
personal identifications. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6u5cnaGeupCxPWw6mB8jM03NGuUt8vdFgVpdearUIK5zU67TXHVHfuGxPtXVa5N_fGNiBSDWH1wFPIJGUcsr_D8B7pdPS0Cj5T1RCivF-EjDFyfgYz5o5JGTLqhfCeynJkIrM8K8Os9T8/s1600/BigY500_STR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="886" data-original-width="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6u5cnaGeupCxPWw6mB8jM03NGuUt8vdFgVpdearUIK5zU67TXHVHfuGxPtXVa5N_fGNiBSDWH1wFPIJGUcsr_D8B7pdPS0Cj5T1RCivF-EjDFyfgYz5o5JGTLqhfCeynJkIrM8K8Os9T8/s1600/BigY500_STR.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
</h3>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
The STR Differences Column</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Big Y-500 STR Differences column is spurring all the recent interest. The
higher number is obviously the number of markers beyond 111 that can be
compared. These are the markers where neither compared participant has a
no-call.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is the smaller number,
however, that is generating a bit of disagreement. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Some believe this smaller number is the genetic distance for
the markers beyond 111; however, it is not. When looking at the raw data for all matches in a project,
one can deduce that this number is not the genetic distance. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The belief that this is genetic distance is because the
number will mimic the infinite alleles model when there is only a one-step
difference per mismatched marker. This is what is causing the confusion. Just
because it looks like a duck and waddles like a duck, it might be a goose. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What is it then?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
column simply gives the user the opportunity to see how many of the comparable markers
(the larger number) and the number of those markers that differ (the smaller
number).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
When I compare the actual genetic
distance with the number in the Big Y-500 STR Differences column for all 120
relationships, only 52 have the same number for genetic distance beyond Y-111 and
for the Big Y-500 STR Differences. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The remaining
68 (56.7%) have larger numbers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
I have
provided the <a href="http://www.owston.com/family/owston/Big_Y500_STRs.pdf" target="_blank">data in a PDF file on my website</a>. The rows in lavender are those
where the post 111 marker genetic distances and the STR differences columns do
not match.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
What about Genetic Distance?</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When combining the genetic distance from both sets of markers
(Y-111 and the 112-561), the results are all over the road.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’ve seen this at 37, 67, and 111 markers as
well. The greatest GD for both markers occurs for a pair of seventh cousins and
a pair of eighth cousins. Both pairs exhibit a GD of 21.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A GD of 8 has a relationship range of second
cousins, once removed to thirteenth cousins, once removed and everything in
between.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Genetic Distance is a poor
indicator of relationship, as mutations occur randomly.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
Compared Numbers</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As far as the compared markers (larger number in this
column), our project has a range of 364 (ninth cousins) to two pairs with 444 (8C1R
and an estimated 13C1R) for the possible 450 additional markers. The mean number
of usable markers is 418, while the median is 427 and the mode is 435. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
The Overall Importance of this Data</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
How important is this data? This remains for you to discover
in your own family project. As for me, the additional STRs have not provided much
additional detail for our family. Of all the additional 450 markers, only three
are line specific.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
DYS631=11 (modal 10) is indicative of the Cobourg line; however,
so is DYS643=11 (modal 10) found in the first 111, as well as the A10921 and
A10923 SNPs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
FTY510=10 (modal 9) is a signature marker for the Thornholme
family, but so is DYS481=25 (modal 26) found in the first 67 markers, as well
as the I-A15739 and I-A15740 SNPs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
DYS489=13 (modal 12) is probably the most valuable of the
three, as it is a defining STR marker for the Ganton Branch. While there are two
line specific markers for the Rillington Builders Line in the first 111, there is no other Ganton Branch specific
STRs besides DYS489. The Ganton Branch is also identified by the I-A10208
SNP.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Of the 450 markers, 147 exhibit no-calls. There are 260
no-calls in total in our project. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Twenty-four of
the markers have at least one mutation present. Sixteen only exhibit one person
experiencing a mutation among the markers’ results.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
The Real Value of the Big Y-500</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As I said <a href="https://linealarboretum.blogspot.com/2018/04/does-big-y500-provide-value.html" target="_blank">earlier in the year</a>, the greater value in the Big
Y-500 are the SNPs. For our family, the Big Y-500 cleared up three issues:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>It provided additional evidence that a spurious male was descended
from a specific progenitor. </li>
<li>It allowed us to determine which of two men with the same
name was the ancestral father for a line of descent. </li>
<li>It aided in correcting a mistake in our own genealogical
research that occurred thirty years ago. It helped us revisit the documentation
of a family in question, and in doing so, this documentation provided the same
answers as were found among four matching SNPs. </li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My experiences may be different than yours and I am hoping
that you will find the additional STRs helpful. Remember, the Big Y-500 STR Differences column is not a record of genetic distance, but it is rather a number of markers where a
mismatch occurs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<h3>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Addendum</span></h3>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">I was alerted by a reader that Family Tree DNA had already posted an explanation of this column. Their explanation, which agrees with the above, is found below: </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-035010cd-7fff-d9ac-cfbb-d53cc87d4426"></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"In the matches section, the Big Y-500 STR Differences column is now displayed between Genetic Distance and Name columns.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Understanding the Big Y-500 STR Differences Column This column displays the mismatch number and the number of comparable Big Y-500 STR markers between the kit and a match.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let us say that for a match 2 of 395 is displayed in this column:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• 395 is the number of comparable markers between the kit and the match. In other words, both the kit and the match have STR values on 395 of the same Big Y-500 STRs. Note: On the CSV file, this value is displayed in the Big Y-500 STRs Compared column.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• 2 is the mismatch number. In other words, out of the 395 Big Y-500 STRs on which the kit and the match have values, there are 2 markers for which the kit and the match has a different value. Note: On the CSV file, this value is displayed in the Big Y-500 STR Differences column."</span></div>
<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span>Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-44436437156111295482018-04-21T00:39:00.000-04:002018-04-21T19:40:36.556-04:00Does the Big Y500 Provide Value?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/checkered_flag.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/checkered_flag.png" data-original-height="145" data-original-width="338" height="137" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Along with most of the genetic genealogical world, I discovered Friday that Family Tree DNA had added 450 new Short Tandem Repeat markers (STRs) to our project's Big Y accounts. It was fascinating to look at these markers within my surname project and to try and understand if these results provided any real value. Currently, we have 14 Big Y accounts that are spread across numerous lines and branches of the Owston/ Ouston family that originated in the Ryedale District of what is now North Yorkshire. <a href="http://www.owston.com/family/owston/Owston_Family_Charts.pdf" target="_blank">You can access the project's charts at Owston.com</a>.<br />
<br />
One of the issues with the additional 450 markers is the predominance of no-calls that occurred in the data. In our project, the no-calls varied in number by individual and they ranged from 3 to 35 per person with the average being 11.07. If I remove the outliers of 20 and 35, the average drops to 8.3 no-calls per person. A total of 155 no-calls were reported from 7,854 cumulative markers. This represented 1.97% of the whole. This percentage is less than the reported no calls found in YFull’s analysis of the Big Y’s STR data.<br />
<br />
A second issue resolves around the naming of these markers, as it appears that FTDNA has placed proprietary names on many of the markers in Panel 6 (112-561). This makes it difficult to compare with YFull results. Where the naming convention is the same designation as used by YFull, the numbers do not always agree. This is probably based on FTDNA’s counting of the repeats. This was something that those of us who transferred Y-33 and Y-46 results from Ancestry, GeneTree, and other companies to FTDNA had experienced in the past. The same situation may apply here.<br />
<br />
Third, several folks on various Facebook groups have noticed that numerous low values appear in the results. This may indicate a lack of variability across participants. The lowest marker value in our project was “4” with 116 modal results. Five repeats also occurred 116 times as the modal value and “6” appeared 65 times. With the new 450 markers, double digit values appeared 69 times as the modal result.<br />
<br />
Fourth, while we have not tested many individuals from the same line or branches, we’ve only observed three markers that are genealogically relevant. It is helpful to note that the Cobourg line and the Ganton branch are overrepresented in the study, as it was necessary to check research that was conducted 20 years ago to ascertain if the conclusions reached at the time were valid. More on that later. The relevant markers include DYS631, DYS489, and FTY510.<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b>DYS631</b> at 11 repeats rather than the modal of 10 is a signature of the Cobourg line of the Sherburn family. All three participants who descend from William Owston (1778-1857) carry this result. This joins the signature value of 11 instead of 12 repeats on DYS643 in Panel Five. Five of the six members of the Cobourg line share this value; the sixth appears to be a back mutation. In addition, the three members of the Cobourg line share the A10921 SNP.<br />
<br />
<b>DYS489</b> at 13 markers as opposed to the modal of 12 is shared by all four members of the Ganton branch of the Sherburn family who have tested with the Big Y. This is the only STR marker that is indicative of this branch, which descends from Thomas Owston (1755-1823) of Ganton, North Yorkshire. These participants also share the A10208 SNP.<br />
<br />
<b>FTY510</b> with 10 repeats as opposed to nine are shared by two seventh cousins, once removed who descend from Richard Owston (c. 1670-1739) from Thornholme in the parish of Burton Agnes in the East Riding of Yor<span id="goog_1261306499"></span><span id="goog_1261306500"></span>kshire. This family also shares another signature STR: Panel Four’s DYS481 at 25 markers as opposed to the modal of 26. There is also a unique SNP for the Thornholme family – A15739. </blockquote>
Further Big Y testing may reveal other STR markers with genealogical significance; however, without Panel 6, we’ve had SNPs that were family specific in all three cases and other STRs in two of the three groups.<br />
<br />
<h3>
GENETIC DISTANCE AT 561 MARKERS </h3>
<br />
As we determined with our study that the additional 450 markers provided little genealogical value, do they provide the ability to predict relationships based on genetic distance? I analyzed 91 relationships from among our 14 participants.<br />
<br />
Two distinct families who share a common ancestor born in the late 1400s comprise our study: the Sherburn family represents 91% of Owston and Ouston males, while the smaller Thornholme family round out the additional 9%. Two Thornholme participants are represented with Big Y testing.<br />
<br />
The exact relationship between the Sherburn and Thornholme families is not presently known; however, by analyzing naming patterns, the closest possible relationships are represented here. There are other possibilities that would place the relationships one to two generations further back in time, but not closer. The two families were familiar with each other and it is believed that both are descended from John Owston who died in 1520. These conjectured relationships are identified with an asterisk.<br />
<br />
The Big Y results represent the following relationships:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr><td> 2nd Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
<tr><td> 4th Cousins</td><td align="center">4</td></tr>
<tr><td> 5th Cousins</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
<tr><td> 5th Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">2</td></tr>
<tr><td> 6th Cousins</td><td align="center">2</td></tr>
<tr><td> 7th Cousins</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
<tr><td> 7th Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">6</td></tr>
<tr><td> 8th Cousins</td><td align="center">6</td></tr>
<tr><td> 8th Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">14</td></tr>
<tr><td> 8th Cousins, Twice Removed</td><td align="center">3</td></tr>
<tr><td> 9th Cousins</td><td align="center">10</td></tr>
<tr><td> 9th Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">6</td></tr>
<tr><td> 9th Cousins, Thrice Removed</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
<tr><td>10th Cousins, Twice Removed</td><td align="center">7</td></tr>
<tr><td>11th Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">3</td></tr>
<tr><td>12th Cousins*</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
<tr><td>12th Cousins, Once Removed*</td><td align="center">8</td></tr>
<tr><td>12th Cousins, Twice Removed*</td><td align="center">3</td></tr>
<tr><td>12th Cousins, Thrice Removed*</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
<tr><td>13th Cousins*</td><td align="center">7</td></tr>
<tr><td>13th Cousins, Once Removed*</td><td align="center">3</td></tr>
<tr><td>13th Cousins, Twice Removed*</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The following chart plots genetic distance based on time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA). There were 14 instances where one party had a mismatch from the modal results and the comparison individual had a no-call. In these cases, the no-call was treated as having the modal result. This was an arbitrary decision that should not greatly affect the overall results.<br />
<br />
The lowest GD was 1 for two fourth cousins, while the greatest GD of 20 was found between pairs of seventh cousins; seventh cousins, once removed; and 13th cousins. One of the parties was an outlier, as he had a value of 5 at DYS602, while the modal value was 12. The dots in the chart below often represent more than one relationship at that TMRCA and GD combination. <br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/BigY_ScatterPlot.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/BigY_ScatterPlot.png" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="466" height="265" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<h3>
CONCLUSIONS </h3>
<br />
As one notices from the above chart, the results vary greatly. While relationship distance increases, GD correspondingly increases; however, there is enough variability from seventh cousins and beyond that the predictability of the Big Y500 based on genetic distance is tenuous at best. Even in the closer relationships, it is impossible to accurately predict a relationship based solely on genetic distance. Fourth cousins have a GD range of 1 to 10.<br />
<br />
Because of this and the presence of very few genealogical relevant markers identified for our family, I am hesitant to believe that the addition of these 450 markers provide much value for our purposes. The SNP results in the Big Y and the first five panels in the 111 test should be adequate in determining lineage signature markers. The SNP results are the real value of the Big Y test.<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
As Kelly Wheaton astutely added on her <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/ALLGeneticGenealogy" target="_blank">All Genetic Genealogy Facebook group</a>, “The point that needs underscoring is that STRS change back
and forth so their predictive value is less than SNPS that you either have them
(and so do all your Y line descendants) or you don't. They are definite and
predictive and now with Next Gen sequencing they are useful in a genealogical
time frame. Sometimes STRS are helpful but they can also be misleading and have
you barking up the wrong tree.”</div>
<br />
While this is only one family and one set of results, other projects may reach different conclusions. Furthermore, different haplogroups may provide better return on value. More data will need to be gathered to better ascertain the overall value of the Big Y500.
Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-14878608744503484722018-02-10T17:48:00.000-05:002018-02-11T20:39:05.009-05:00The Strange Case of the Missing Y37 Match<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
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table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
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mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
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mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
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<![endif]-->
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjROAlYfA7T2OZzhhacLf2TKiYi3lYXZ9LF-VGhlUqPz-jGsNuYFJ_XUMOEPkru84IwVp4n-5a4pgMwDxD4TpNgmcDWeji6R43gyiugdN4We-yi6MntW0B8I-Ammcu2zUKvcOKkHdJqa36l/s1600/puzzle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="197" data-original-width="400" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjROAlYfA7T2OZzhhacLf2TKiYi3lYXZ9LF-VGhlUqPz-jGsNuYFJ_XUMOEPkru84IwVp4n-5a4pgMwDxD4TpNgmcDWeji6R43gyiugdN4We-yi6MntW0B8I-Ammcu2zUKvcOKkHdJqa36l/s400/puzzle.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
The other day the subject arose in a Facebook group about
the possibility of matching someone at 67 Y-STR resolution while simultaneously
not matching that same person at 37 markers. The conclusion was that this was a
rare occurrence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In our project, several
participants were not matching documented relatives with the same surname at 37
markers, but they had subsequently matched these same individuals at 67 markers; I realized
that this was a significant occurrence in, at least, our project and set out to
see if it included non-family members as well. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
SURNAME PROJECT BACKGROUND</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Since the 1970s, three researchers have been cataloging past
and present descendants of two extant and three extinct families with our
surname that ramified in what is now the Ryedale District of the present county of
North Yorkshire, England.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is estimated
by counting the number of cataloged males that 296 exist to the present. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With a 5% margin of error, that number increases
to 311.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We are a very low frequency
surname that has three current variations Owston (72%), Ouston (26%), and
Owston-Doyle (2%).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Owston/Ouston DNA project began in 2010 and has risen to
33 Y-DNA participants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>About 10.6% of
the entire male population of our surname has had their Y-DNA tested. Not counted
in this percentage are six other Owston males who have tested autosomally and
most certainly match the surname haplotype due to matching autosomal DNA to those
who have tested their Y-DNA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Four of these
males have been identified as having the I1 (I-M253) haplogroup via
23andMe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our participants were recruited
from the United States, England, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and
Finland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Including all autosomal
participants, we have 62 members total. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Of our 33 Y-STR participants, ten have a paper ancestry to
one of the two extant families, but these ten have ancestral non-paternal events and do
not match the family modal haplotype.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Five
of the remaining 23 tested at GeneTree with a 43-marker test between 2010-2012.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The remaining 18 have all tested at Family
Tree DNA at 111 markers. In addition, 15 have tested with the Big Y (with two
tests pending).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Of the 18 participants, there are 153 relationships that range
from a sibling pair to 13<sup>th</sup> cousins, twice removed. Relationships of
12<sup>th</sup> cousin and beyond are estimated due to onomastic evidence
linking the two families to a common source born in the latter half of the 15<sup>th</sup>
century; the closest possible relationship is used for the estimates; the relationships
should be no further than two additional generations than our estimation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first documented use of the surname in the region dates
to 1452. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Big Y participants from both
families share A10206 and 14 additional phylogenetic SNPs. The Sherburn family
(including its Cobourg and Ganton subsets) all share BY31751, while the
Thornholme family members share the A15739 SNP.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
67-MARKER MATCHES ABSENT AT 37 MARKERS</h3>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In analyzing the matches of 18 matching FTDNA Y-STR participants
in the Owston/Ouston DNA study, 100% of the men who tested at 67 markers
matched at least one individual who was not found in their 37-marker match
list. The numbers ranged from one to six non-matching individuals at 37 markers
with the average being 3.77.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The percentage of non-matches at 37 within
the 67-marker match list ranged from 3.6% to 35.3% of their total 67-marker matches.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An average of 14.1% of their 67-marker matches
were absent from their 37-marker match list. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The following table shows the total matches at 67 markers and the number of these matches that are missing from their 37-marker list. A percentage of the whole is also provided. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjixJjfB-KvEZTS-f4ioLC28KbeS7H3hdS1qkoF06LY6KHcD9gRCt3_SyndcDWJqIsgnI-dtzyE0pzft__41g0_XopykAKhSW3DmFIjIjza-x1ZbvjP0gcEzfwqa9jIvAPMUedj6Fp5fApp/s1600/absentat37.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjixJjfB-KvEZTS-f4ioLC28KbeS7H3hdS1qkoF06LY6KHcD9gRCt3_SyndcDWJqIsgnI-dtzyE0pzft__41g0_XopykAKhSW3DmFIjIjza-x1ZbvjP0gcEzfwqa9jIvAPMUedj6Fp5fApp/s1600/absentat37.png" /></a></div>
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<h3 class="MsoNormal">
KNOWN FAMILY 67-MARKER MATCHES ABSENT AT 37 MARKERS</h3>
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<br /></div>
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Eight of our 18 participants (44.4%) had non-matches with a
family member at 37 markers. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is a significant
number and can be greatly attributed to a person’s genetic distance from the family
modal haplotype. Even a genetic distance of 1 when paired with a genetic
distance of 4 will produce an absence of a match at 37 markers. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is a factor that could be extremely
important to genetic genealogists, as there may be a matching family member at
67 markers that does not show in the participant’s list at 37. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The following table provides an analysis of missing family members at 37 markers. In order to understand this phenomenon, the participant’s genetic distance from the surname model haplotype is listed. Each person should have 17 matching family members at 37 markers; however, eight individuals are missing one or several matches to family members they match at 67 markers. </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR1tyvpbohbmuo6SRcRejWibexT1CfxJtwba1Kgg3rS3Zbf_VevoaQq72aoqz1RdYR06ohP_C48qiWphpf0O108viXe10SUx_cYnlIo3BaRPdYzPE2UKnGPne_dx9snoSsBK8pxvo5zTzW/s1600/familymissing.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="487" data-original-width="399" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR1tyvpbohbmuo6SRcRejWibexT1CfxJtwba1Kgg3rS3Zbf_VevoaQq72aoqz1RdYR06ohP_C48qiWphpf0O108viXe10SUx_cYnlIo3BaRPdYzPE2UKnGPne_dx9snoSsBK8pxvo5zTzW/s1600/familymissing.png" /></a></div>
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</div>
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The absent family members at 37 markers in our project included
the following relationships:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>One seventh cousin, once removed pair; </li>
<li>One seventh cousin, twice removed pair;</li>
<li>Two eighth cousin, once removed pairs; </li>
<li>One eighth cousin, twice removed pair; </li>
<li>Two ninth cousin pairs; </li>
<li>One ninth cousin, once removed pair; </li>
<li>One ninth cousin, thrice removed pair; and </li>
<li>Three tenth cousin, twice removed pairs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
The 12 relational pairs represent 7.8% of the total number
of matching family relationships (153) at 67 markers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
An interesting development with absent matches at 37 markers
is that this phenomenon occurred intra-family within the Sherburn family and was
not present with matches to the more distantly related Thornholme family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of this may be attributed to a lack of viable
participants within the Thornholme family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Although the Thornholme family is rather small with only 25
living males, all four lines have been tested. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of the 25 aforementioned males, 14 have
non-paternity events within their ancestries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Of the 11 potentially remaining matching members, three have tested (one
at 43 markers).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The other eight are
closely related to at least one participant who has already tested. Among those
not tested, the most distant relationship is that of a first cousin, twice
removed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is not likely that any new
data would be gained in further testing any of the remaining eight Thornholme
men. </div>
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<h3 class="MsoNormal">
CONCLUSION</h3>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Do not discount the possibility that match may exist at 67
markers but be absent at 37 markers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
our family, 100% of our participants were missing at least one 67-marker match
at 37 markers. Forty-four percent of our participants were missing at least one
family member at 37 markers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One participant
was missing six and another missing five family members.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While the data presented has a small sample size and is only
indicative of our singular family project, the results may differ from the
general population of FTDNA Y67 results. Therefore, it is suggested that a similar
analysis be replicated within a haplogroup project to see if the results are consistent.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-9027317021115473042016-12-20T11:27:00.001-05:002016-12-21T11:20:04.555-05:00The Halves & The Halve Nots<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9n5jgHI4roXRcTjqVa81T5Sk4p6UmKrVJ6THyeO753AElF20vCNuGZpvBSjlOFUZp6LwS8zvKtAVnQnkGOZvyBEbjllepafOE_NrPCspAduNY7nmQQOzsrgnST0yu1IfxucmqAaThjW-S/s1600/apple.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9n5jgHI4roXRcTjqVa81T5Sk4p6UmKrVJ6THyeO753AElF20vCNuGZpvBSjlOFUZp6LwS8zvKtAVnQnkGOZvyBEbjllepafOE_NrPCspAduNY7nmQQOzsrgnST0yu1IfxucmqAaThjW-S/s1600/apple.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
The “halves” and “halve nots" – didn’t you mean “haves” and “have nots?” No, I meant what I said and here’s why. While it is generally accepted that the amount of shared autosomal DNA roughly halves with each generation, is this conclusive when we are discussing relationships at a variety of levels? In looking at my own family, I wanted to see if there were any discernible patterns in the amount of DNA shared with a relative when compared to two generations of a family, viz. a parent and a child. <br />
<br />
<h3>
METHOD</h3>
To do this, I analyzed 630 relationships from my family that included the amount of shared centimorgans of autosomal DNA. This required looking at shared DNA between two parties and the child of one of the parties. Only autosomes were used in the calculations and the X chromosome was ignored. The age span of the participants ranged to nearly 98 years with the oldest participant having been born in 1918, while the youngest was born in 2016. Two of the participants are deceased. There were 20 parent/child pairs:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Seven mother/son pairs.</li>
<li>Six father/daughter pairs. </li>
<li>Five father/son pairs. </li>
<li>Two mother/daughter pairs. </li>
</ul>
<br />
The results were compiled from a variety of relationships that included 33 participants in total. The relationships spanned parent/child to fourth cousins, twice removed. Tests were primarily from 23andMe and FTDNA with one at Ancestry. To be consistent, the data for matching shares in centimorgans were only gathered through <a href="http://gedmatch.com/" target="_blank">GEDMatch.com</a>. In addition, relationships that included fully identical segments were omitted (affecting only 8 full sibling relationships).<br />
<br />
Additional relationships (several) where there was no matching DNA to a parent in the study were ignored. A number of relationships found only on 23andMe and Ancestry, although close, were not included, as they did not have GEDMatch accounts. <br />
<br />
All 630 relationships in this analysis were confirmed by other evidence and no speculative connections were included.
The relationships were grouped according to degrees of DNA sharing. Not all possible relationships were present and only those in the study are listed below:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Degree 1:</b> Parent and Child.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Degree 2:</b> Half sibling, Grandparent, Grandchild, Aunt/Uncle, and Niece/Nephew.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Degree 3</b>: Half Aunt/Uncle, Half Niece/Nephew, First Cousin, Great Grandparent, Great Grandchild, Great Aunt/Uncle, and Great Niece/Nephew.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Degree 4:</b> First Cousin, Once Removed and Half Cousin.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Degree 5:</b> Half Cousin, Once Removed; Second Cousin; and First Cousin, Twice Removed.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Degree 6:</b> Half Cousin, Twice Removed and Second Cousin, Once Removed.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Degree 7:</b> Second Cousin, Twice Removed and Third Cousin.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Degree 8:</b> Third Cousin, Once Removed.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Degree 9:</b> Third Cousin, Twice Removed and Fourth Cousin.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Degree 10:</b> Third Cousin, Thrice Removed and Fourth Cousin, Once Removed.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Degree 11:</b> Fourth Cousin, Twice Removed. </li>
</ul>
<br />
The goal was to analyze the percentage of DNA passed from parent to child. In addition, the child’s match with the relative was compared with the segments shared with the parent in question. In one situation, a child had matching DNA with a fourth cousin, once removed that was transmitted from his mother and not his father – the parent with the confirmed fourth cousin relationship. The relationship with the mother is unknown. This data was not included.<br />
<br />
We also had thirty comparisons where there were two shared recent ancestral connections. The nearest relationship was that of second cousins who were also second cousins, once removed. These results were listed under the closest degree level. The relatives of those having fully identical segments died prior to advent of autosomal DNA testing – only half identical segments were present.<br />
<br />
<h3>
RESULTS</h3>
The degrees of sharing and their statistical data are included the following table:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tbody>
<tr><td><b>Parent/Child</b></td><td align="center"><b>Pairs</b></td><td align="center"><b>Mean</b></td><td align="center"><b>Median</b></td><td align="center"><b>Std Dev</b></td></tr>
<tr><td>Degrees 1/2</td><td align="right">16</td><td align="right">50.90%</td><td align="right">51.79%</td><td align="right">5.82</td></tr>
<tr><td>Degrees 2/3</td><td align="right">65</td><td align="right">48.38%</td><td align="right">48.59%</td><td align="right">6.78</td><td align="right"></td></tr>
<tr><td>Degrees 3/4</td><td align="right">63</td><td align="right">49.81%</td><td align="right">49.72%</td><td align="right">8.97</td></tr>
<tr><td>Degrees 4/5</td><td align="right">40</td><td align="right">49.65%</td><td align="right">46.86%</td><td align="right">11.89</td></tr>
<tr><td>Degrees 5/6</td><td align="right">36</td><td align="right">48.20%</td><td align="right">50.45%</td><td align="right">11.51</td></tr>
<tr><td>Degrees 6/7</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">50.39%</td><td align="right">52.26%</td><td align="right">22.37</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Sub Total of Above</b></td><td align="right"><b>240</b></td><td align="right"><b>49.28%</b></td><td align="right"><b>48.69%</b></td><td align="right"><b>10.88</b></td></tr>
<tr><td>Degrees 7/8</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="right">35.96%</td><td align="right">32.57%</td><td align="right">28.13</td></tr>
<tr><td>Degrees 8/9</td><td align="right">22</td><td align="right">51.28%</td><td align="right">59.59%</td><td align="right">32.46</td></tr>
<tr><td>Degrees 9/10</td><td align="right">36</td><td align="right">35.77%</td><td align="right">0.00%</td><td align="right">41.84</td></tr>
<tr><td>Degrees 10/11</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">60.00%</td><td align="right">100.00%</td><td align="right">54.77</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Total of All</b></td><td align="right"><b>315</b></td><td align="right"><b>47.53%</b></td><td align="right"><b>48.48%</b></td><td align="right"><b>21.18</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Initially, I only looked at 480 relationships where all parent and child relationships (Degrees 1/2 to Degrees 6/7) exhibited shared DNA with the relatives in question. This produced 240 data points. For Degrees 1/2 to Degrees 6/7, 77% of the results fell within one standard deviation. A typical bell curve would have 68.2% of the results within ±1 σ.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmhp7Sodk0s-qXvp2B7rfpf_gDyzmhj5nA7GQ0iz4j9jD83ovQHDvCUhPAOkoKcgiZ2qkoV5xsLU2ykm2HTiq1T3RVwQbp2itEw22jaBfjgMTvsipf9rTGnHfFxFMfsCaleU294VGAU8go/s1600/means.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmhp7Sodk0s-qXvp2B7rfpf_gDyzmhj5nA7GQ0iz4j9jD83ovQHDvCUhPAOkoKcgiZ2qkoV5xsLU2ykm2HTiq1T3RVwQbp2itEw22jaBfjgMTvsipf9rTGnHfFxFMfsCaleU294VGAU8go/s1600/means.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
Removing the outliers with the interquartile range, the mid results of the original 240 pairs skewed to the left of the mean as demonstrated in the chart below.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuDAVBL5XpasIGlAFbxXViEB5sKG606R-cmmPflhcFLcyXJ3FaczD1jc_llwynthyphenhyphenZo_PLXvjUhCpvxQHMY1GkFgnmytJHe2X5st9R-r94ej8BKWK72n3AtsZ7W4NUZSOeUQQN_QjQ_EOV/s1600/IQR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuDAVBL5XpasIGlAFbxXViEB5sKG606R-cmmPflhcFLcyXJ3FaczD1jc_llwynthyphenhyphenZo_PLXvjUhCpvxQHMY1GkFgnmytJHe2X5st9R-r94ej8BKWK72n3AtsZ7W4NUZSOeUQQN_QjQ_EOV/s1600/IQR.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
An additional 150 relationships, representing Degrees 7/8 through Degrees 10/11, were added. The only caveat for inclusion was that the parent had to match the relative in question – but the child did not need to have matching DNA to the parent’s matching relative. Of the 75 parent/child pairs that were included, 28 children failed to match the relative in question at levels of 5cM or higher. These 0.00% shares were included in the overall results.<br />
<br />
The children’s non-matching data were so pronounced in Degrees 9/10 that the median score was 0.00%. Only 47.22% of the children at this degree level shared DNA with the said relative. The parents were either third cousins, twice removed or fourth cousins and the children were either third cousins, thrice removed or fourth cousins, once removed.<br />
<br />
At the Degree 10/11 level, the children either matched the parent’s share at 100% or not at all – indicating an all or nothing proposition as we moved to more distant relationships. Unfortunately, only five pairs were included – which is too small to make a critical analysis.<br />
<br />
As we moved further away from a Degree 2 relationship on the part of the child, the standard deviations increased. In other words, as the relationships grew further distant, there was a larger corresponding spread of the results. With the greater the relationship distance, the results were more heterogeneous. In most cases, the SD increased with each generational degree. The only exception was at Degrees 5/6. With a SD of 11.51, it was slightly narrower than Degrees 4/5 at 11.89.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGJOudkm8iw0Rt7ammwaQylLExGS828ZSoswm6v37jy8JsPExz5s4xBuu5JWEAFmwyfYwRSEBnqpjOA8KIt7KzX1wJGrNCXBHrzC507R28tOiklcE-xA4SSS8g57Y_kVPVkSHjjx8Nqbwb/s1600/SD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGJOudkm8iw0Rt7ammwaQylLExGS828ZSoswm6v37jy8JsPExz5s4xBuu5JWEAFmwyfYwRSEBnqpjOA8KIt7KzX1wJGrNCXBHrzC507R28tOiklcE-xA4SSS8g57Y_kVPVkSHjjx8Nqbwb/s1600/SD.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
With this said, many of the degrees of DNA sharing exhibited means very close to 50%. The only variations were found in Degrees 7/8 at 35.96%, Degrees 9/10 at 35.77%, and Degrees 10/11 at 60% (3 of the 5 were at 100% and 2 were at 0% shared). Both Degrees 9/10 and 10/11 had examples of all or none of the relational DNA passed from parent to child.<br />
<br />
<h3>
CONCLUSION</h3>
The conclusions are not beyond what we’ve already known about the percentage of shared DNA passed from parent to child. Up through Degrees 6/7, the shared DNA is generally within one standard deviation from the means, which are approximately 50% of the share of the parent. As these relationships become further distant, the spread of one standard deviation increases in size.<br />
<br />
As we enter the realm of Degrees 7/8 and further distant relationships, we begin to see the phenomenon of none of the parent’s shared DNA with a relative being represented in the child’s results. With Degrees 9/10, many (but not all) of the results exhibited 0% or 100% shared DNA.
At Degrees 10/11, it was either all or none proposition. It is to be noted at this level, the shared segments were between 5cM and 10cM. Since we have three generations that can be tracked lineally with these specific relationships, these segments are identical by descent (IBD), as they can be traced back to the grandparent’s much larger segment at the same position.<br />
<br />
The rule of thumb is as follows: the closer the relationship, we are generally “the halves” – at least within one standard deviation of the half share. As for more distant relationships, it is likely we will be “halves not” – perhaps, all or nothing.
<br />
<br />
<h3>
LIMITATIONS</h3>
While 630 relationships may appear to be a large number, a desired number of at least 768 (384 pairs) would provide the minimum necessary sample size with a confidence level of 95% with a 5% margin of error. As with all statistical measures, a larger sample influences a greater confidence level and a diminished margin of error. A sample size exceeding 384 parent/child pairs would be greatly desired.<br />
<br />
A second limitation is that this study is largely represented (but not totally) by the descendants of one ancestral couple. The results include those of the ancestral mother who had tested prior to her death in 2016 and includes three generations of her progeny. Only one of her descendants failed to participate. In all cases, the participants (including relatives not descended from this couple) have ancestries from Northern and Western Europe. A more diverse population might provide different results.
Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-75020543325193870302016-06-10T19:47:00.001-04:002016-06-11T14:06:15.816-04:00Exogenous Ancestry – Proposing a Replacement for NPE<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJK82vqXPZDFHOnS12gjCe9in8gyhUaVGpeJy36Cz5EqhTWxQYk435abmZTOiDwKwgZC3rmv-RXadwtUBnjsyX-BfcKR-TulK-I0YmjedpUuZVUmZtwjncIXXInQ47gc90L_ZlD-Y-GFd/s1600/DNA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJK82vqXPZDFHOnS12gjCe9in8gyhUaVGpeJy36Cz5EqhTWxQYk435abmZTOiDwKwgZC3rmv-RXadwtUBnjsyX-BfcKR-TulK-I0YmjedpUuZVUmZtwjncIXXInQ47gc90L_ZlD-Y-GFd/s320/DNA.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If I were genetic genealogy king for a day, I would replace
the term “Non-Paternity Event (NPE)” with a more comprehensive term –
specifically, “Exogenous Ancestry.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Exogenous ancestry? That’s a mouthful, but what does it
mean? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Well, it’s a term that I have
borrowed from biological studies to explain some of the discontinuity of single
source surnames with Y-DNA from outside of the family in question.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have been contemplating for some time of
using a different term from what is now commonly used in genetic genealogy –
non-paternity event (NPE). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bryan Sykes and Catherine Irven (2000) first used non-paternity
event in the context of genetic genealogy to explain haplotypes that differed from
the typical Y-DNA signature of a surname.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was a borrowed term as well, as it was used in anthropology and
sociology where the presumed father was not the father of a child.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Generally, this referred to infidelity on the
part of the mother.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In genetic genealogy circles, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">International Society of Genetic Genealogy’s Wiki</i> cites least 13
different categories which have been considered as non-paternity events.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While infidelity is one of these, there are
other scenarios where genetic genealogists have used this moniker to describe
the discontinuity between surnames and ancestry. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
What's the Beef?</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The term non-paternity event and its synonyms don’t neatly
fit every situation where it is used.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
assumes that the designated father (and even the child) is unaware of the child's ancestry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is not always the case.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In some cases, there may not be a father in the picture and
the surname traveled from mother to child.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The birth father’s name was not associated with the child and there was
no “official” father from whom false paternity could be claimed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It wouldn’t be a surname discontinuity as it
continued from the mother; it would be a Y-DNA discontinuity. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the case of complete adoptions, not only would the
paternity be different, but the maternity would be as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Using a term such as “Exogenous Ancestry”
would better fit full adoption circumstances as not only is the paternal DNA different,
so is the maternal DNA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This term would
be applicable to discontinuities found in mitochondrial and autosomal DNA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Name changes are often considered NPEs – however, these can be voluntary and NPE doesn’t fit the situation – I am not sure any term other than
“name change” would fit this scenario. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Finally, the term appears to pinpoint a given “event”;
however, we may not be able to identify a specific generation when this discontinuity
occurred.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While a person’s recorded
ancestry may have confirmation going back several centuries, Y-DNA tells a
different story.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yes, there was some
sort of misattributed paternity, but where did this “event” occur in the
lineage? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Can we find it – sometimes, but
not always. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We know that somewhere along
the ancestral line exogenous DNA entered the picture. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
Where did this Term, Exogenous Ancestry, Originate?</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It isn’t an original term, although I have been sparingly using
“exogenous Y-DNA” since 2012 to soften the blow when reporting NPEs in my study.
While recently performing Google searches for terminology relating to DNA from outside
the family/clan/tribe, I found it used in the study of wolf and coyote
populations of North America.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lupine biologists used it to describe DNA found in certain wolf
populations that originated from outside the pack – sometimes considered an
unusual occurrence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition, it was also
used when wolf DNA was present in populations of coyotes – especially in areas
where no known wolf populations existed – hence an ancestral occurrence (von
Holt, Kays, Pollinger, & Wayne, 2016). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Exogenous ancestry is broader term than non-paternity events, it is already used in mammalian DNA studies,
and it is a better fit to a variety of DNA discontinuities. Will it gain in
popularity? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I hope, but sometimes
teaching an old dog, wolf, or coyote new tricks isn’t that easy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I would be interested in hearing your spin on
this term. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
Sources</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Non-Paternity Event (n.d.). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">International Society of Genetic Genealogy Wiki</i>. Retrieved June 10,
2016 from <a href="http://isogg.org/wiki/Non-paternity_event" target="_blank">http://isogg.org/wiki/Non-paternity_event</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sykes, B., & Irven, C. (2000). Surnames and the Y
chromosome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American Journal of Human Genetics, 66</i>(4), 1417-1419. doi:10.1086/302850</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
von Holt, B. M., Kays, R., Pollinger, J. P., & Wayne, R.
K. (2016). Admixture mapping identifies introgressed genomic regions in North
American canids. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Molecular Ecology, 25</i>(11),
2443-2453.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>doi:10.1111/mec.13667</div>
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<![endif]-->Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-21316064330486939232016-02-12T20:41:00.001-05:002016-02-12T21:03:48.262-05:00He Inspired a Genealogist – Mr. George T. Ihnat<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Today, I received notification that a teacher I had in junior high
school and high school <a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=158102322" target="_blank">had passed away on Wednesday, February 10, 2016</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I hadn’t seen Mr. George T. Ihnat since the day I
graduated in June 1973; however, he had a profound effect on me by instilling a love
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyNKTK5Njm8bVZE3GuIuAiWInncO9mkStbN2pBoDn8GIgoiRWDo3je0AuWww_28zWuXuqo5LvbZetXfVZ6MOwulmVkjFVKhhdXFwgcebtj6L6MNHkAy_0a-eLpjXAOtnD0sjVmy8WRe_Ye/s1600/george_ihnat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyNKTK5Njm8bVZE3GuIuAiWInncO9mkStbN2pBoDn8GIgoiRWDo3je0AuWww_28zWuXuqo5LvbZetXfVZ6MOwulmVkjFVKhhdXFwgcebtj6L6MNHkAy_0a-eLpjXAOtnD0sjVmy8WRe_Ye/s320/george_ihnat.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">George T. Ihnat in 1972</td></tr>
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Beginning in 1967, I attended Park Terrace Junior High
School in North Versailles, PA – where we moved from teacher to teacher instead of having one teacher all day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
barely remember any of my instructors from Park Terrace, as there were so many – but one who made a
lasting impression was Mr. George T. Ihnat who taught 8th grade English. I
would later have him as my 11th grade American literature instructor at East Allegheny High School. </div>
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As I had many great teachers during my life, I can’t say I
remember the specifics of the vast amounts of knowledge he imparted in either
class; however, I do recall an assignment that had influenced my primary life’s
interest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One day in 1968, Mr. Ihnat
assigned us a project to create a family tree – a typical project that occurs
during many people’s school experiences.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I hadn’t thought about my ancestry until then and I haven’t looked back.
</div>
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The assignment prompted me to ask my mother about her and my
dad’s families.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since my dad had passed
away in 1962, I knew very little concerning my paternal lineage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mom knew my dad’s mother’s family, but only
my grandfather’s name and a few scattered details about his siblings. She went
into her secretary and pulled out a piece of folded paper in my father’s
handwriting that had the names and dates of my father’s grandparents. He had
jotted down these notes after visiting relatives in Ohio during the summer of
1960. She also found an old obituary about my great-great grandmother, Sarah
Ann Jones Merriman, who was the oldest woman in McKeesport, PA at the time of
her death in 1929.
<br />
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<br /></div>
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Later that day, my mom and I went to McKeesport-Versailles
Cemetery and found Sarah Merriman's and my second great grandfather’s grave –
John Merriman was a Civil War veteran in the 101st Pennsylvania Volunteers. My
research also inspired me to query my only living grandparent – my mother’s
mother about her lineage. I was given a wealth of information about her and my
grandfather’s sides of the family. </div>
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<br /></div>
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I also asked my Aunt Nath, my dad’s oldest half-sister who
attended the same church as us, if she could provide some additional information. She
gladly wrote down names of family members that she could remember. That was a
little over 47 years ago and I still have all of these notes and clippings. It
got me interested in family history and this was later rekindled in 1978 with
the return of my great-grandparents’ family bible to its bloodline.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU169daF_EuzPdZjkcqtAfW4WDkbC3SpnkRlujjJlgwaTNfnB8wuH9BHqHLwyjOcVNVqPxGSBH-6n3G5YmidVnGcPZQ8nm160ldG6kDPj6DI_vackYMEQzY_Kb6JD4gmTZj20scJl1m-cN/s1600/bible.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU169daF_EuzPdZjkcqtAfW4WDkbC3SpnkRlujjJlgwaTNfnB8wuH9BHqHLwyjOcVNVqPxGSBH-6n3G5YmidVnGcPZQ8nm160ldG6kDPj6DI_vackYMEQzY_Kb6JD4gmTZj20scJl1m-cN/s400/bible.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
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Mr. Ihnat’s assignment continues to inspire me even to this
day in discovering family – old and new. This interest has expanded from
archives, library, and cemetery research to DNA testing of relatives – a keen
hobby thanks to an English teacher who went beyond the scope of grammar and
composition with an assignment about a family tree.</div>
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Mr. Ihnat: I
am sorry that I never connected with your during my adult years to tell you how
that one assignment changed my life forever.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> T</span>hanks to you it did.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While I am hard pressed to remember any of my junior high teachers, you’ll never be forgotten. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rest
in Peace. </div>
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<![endif]-->Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-47259809815804136022016-01-10T16:35:00.000-05:002016-01-10T17:03:38.897-05:00Case Study: Blaine Bettinger<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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How did you enter the field of genetic genealogy? What and
who influenced you?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Were you an
innovator, an early adopter, or are you still a laggard who hasn’t tested? Although, I sent in my first DNA kit
in 2007, I still feel like a DNA adolescent among some of my peers. If I had to
categorize my experiences, I would rank myself in the early majority.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </div>
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That first kit was inspired by the article “<a href="http://www.newsweek.com/shaking-family-tree-recreational-genetics-222018" target="_blank">Shaking the Family Tree with Recreational Genetics</a>” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Newsweek</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I saw it November
2007 at my optometrist’s office and I showed it to my wife who is adopted.
Within days, Ancestry had a sale on their Y-DNA and mtDNA tests and both of us took
the plunge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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By the end of the year, I found out that my haplogroups were
I1a (old designation) and H.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My wife’s mtDNA
was also an H.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We were not too impressed
by these results, as they told us little; however, my haplogroups confirmed
what I already believed concerning these lines:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>my patrilineal
line was likely Norse when taken to its logical conclusion and my matrilineal line came from central Europe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both haplogroups pointed in these directions. To
me, this was still a giant genetic leap. </div>
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During 2008, Ancestry partnered with two other
companies:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sorenson Molecular Genealogy
Foundation (SMGF) and 23andMe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I signed
up for accounts at both and submitted my Y-DNA and mtDNA results to Sorenson. At
that time, 23andMe only offered health and trait information for a hefty price
tag ($499), so I passed on their product, as I wasn’t interested in spending
that kind of money for this info.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I had
a login account, but no data of my own – yet.</div>
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Fast forward to 2010. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wanting to know more about my genetic
ancestry, I subscribed to a wonderful online resource, the now defunct
DNA-Forums.org, and began learning about this new service at 23andMe called
Relative Finder (now DNA Relatives).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DNA-Forums
also alerted me in March 2010 that 23andMe was having a month-long sale of
their product with $200 off the $499 price – it was called the Oprah sale, as
it had been advertised on her show.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Curious, I bit er spit and had my results in May.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I also encouraged my brothers, mother, wife,
children, and cousins to test and thus began a process of collecting relatives’
DNA. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Needles to say, I was hooked. We now have 50 of our relatives tested. </div>
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That same year, GeneTree (part of the SMGF family and also now
defunct) had a $79 sale on their Y-DNA-46 test and I began my surname project
with six participants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We were able to
confirm that, except for those with non-paternal events in their ancestry,
everyone with our surname and its variants came from a single progenitor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was something we couldn’t have done with
traditional genealogical records as they didn’t go back far enough. </div>
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But the more I learned, the more I questioned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was curious about the X-chromosome, as my match
to my brothers was extremely small. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So
with a Google search in May 2010, I found two enlightening posts on the X at
Blaine Bettinger’s blog <a href="http://thegeneticgenealogist.com/" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Genetic Genealogist</i></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He made it easy to
understand and his fan charts were a true blessing to me and others trying to
wrap our collective brains around the differences in transmission of the X
among males and females. For those posts on the X-Chromosome, see the following links: “<a href="http://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2008/12/21/unlocking-the-genealogical-secrets-of-the-x-chromosome/" target="_blank">Unlocking the Genealogical Secrets of the X Chromosome</a>” and “<a href="http://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2009/01/12/more-x-chromosome-charts/" target="_blank">More X-Chromosome Charts</a>.”</div>
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Since 2010, a number of changes have occurred.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ancestry no longer offers Y-DNA and mtDNA
tests, DNA-Forums vanished out of thin air in the middle of the night in early
2012, and GeneTree and SMGF were absorbed by Ancestry and folded. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gone, gone, and gone. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several aspects of Genetic Genealogy, however,
have remained constant; one of those is Dr. Blaine T. Bettinger’s blog <a href="http://thegeneticgenealogist.com/" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Genetic Genealogist</i></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Just recently, I enrolled in a graduate Social Media Course
at Southern New Hampshire University for professional development. This week we
were challenged to write a case study on a “thought leader” who used social
media.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since Blaine’s blog was the first
I encountered on the subject, I wanted to analyze his work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He agreed and supplied some answers to very
specific questions that I posed. </div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Blaine has influenced well over a million individuals and
continues to enlighten others on a daily basis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He has given me permission to reproduce this case study here.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I hope you learn something about <a href="http://thegeneticgenealogist.com/" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Genetic Genealogist</i></a> and have a great
appreciation of the power bloggers in our discipline.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Click here to see my paper, <a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/Blaine_Bettinger_The_Genetic_Genealogist.pdf" target="_blank">Case Study: Blaine T.
Bettinger’s </a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/Blaine_Bettinger_The_Genetic_Genealogist.pdf" target="_blank">The Genetic Genealogist</a>.</i></div>
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<![endif]-->Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-72649103284460025952015-12-04T23:54:00.000-05:002015-12-04T23:55:14.376-05:00Additional DNA Resources from the Owston/Ouston One-Name StudySince I have a second genealogy blog dealing with my Owston/Ouston one-name study, not all of my articles on DNA are found as part of the Lineal Arboretum blog. To aid readers in finding these other posts, I have listed these below with their appropriate links.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://owston.wordpress.com/2015/08/10/an-analysis-of-fourth-cousins-and-other-near-distant-relatives/" target="_blank">An Analysis of Fourth Cousins and Other Near Distant Relationships</a> – this particular post analyzes matching autosomal DNA segments of family members descending from five sons of a common ancestral couple. This study includes 10 third cousins, once removed; 5 third cousins, twice removed; 43 fourth cousins; and 34 fourth cousins, once removed.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://owston.wordpress.com/2012/12/25/owston-dna-studies-ancestry-composition-of-three-sets-of-siblings/" target="_blank">Ancestry Composition of Three Sets of Siblings</a> – this post looks at the differences in the predicted ancestries of siblings as reported by 23andMe. The siblings include three brothers, a brother and a sister, and two sisters.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://owston.wordpress.com/2013/01/08/owston-dna-studies-another-f2642-y-dna-mutation-reported/" target="_blank">Another F2642 Y-DNA Mutation Reported</a> – this post reports a second, but unrelated participant, who the National Genographic 2.0 test had reported as being I-F2642. In addition, this individual had an additional downstream SNP not shared by our family.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://owston.wordpress.com/2012/12/22/owston-dna-studies-a-new-y-dna-mutation-found-in-the-owstonouston-family/" target="_blank">A New Y-DNA Mutation Found in the Owston/Ouston Family</a> – this post from 2012 that was discovered with the National Genographic 2.0 test. To our knowledge, our participant was the first to acknowledge a new I1 mutation in the Z140 family. The newly discovered SNP was that of F2642. Since this announcement in 2012, numerous men have also reported sharing the I-F2642 Y-DNA haplotype.<br />
<br />
Enjoy.
Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-43919169309841454402014-11-29T14:28:00.005-05:002023-02-11T01:16:45.252-05:00It's Just Another Brick from the Wall<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/brickwall2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/brickwall2.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
Ask any genealogist to list his or her frustrations and
inevitably the term “brick wall” will surface in the discussions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Brick walls are points when all clues
regarding an individual are seemingly non-existent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In most cases, these brick walls occur as we
go backwards in our lineage and we reach a point where an ancestor’s identity
is unknown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For Americans, this can happen within a few generations as
record keeping was sparse, spotty, or non-existent in some locales during the 19<sup>th</sup>
century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Municipalities, counties, and
states had varying degrees of public record keeping. In other words, there is
no official US standard and American genealogy can be difficult at best. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When we begin our genealogical quest, our mission of
discovering each ancestor is actually a series of brick walls that will be
either knocked down with extensive research or will remain solid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometimes this happens with one piece of
direct evidence, or it only occurs with constant chiseling with indirect
documentary or DNA evidence (<a href="http://linealarboretum.blogspot.com/2012/06/genealogy-by-numbers-confirming.html" target="_blank">see example</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Not only will we encounter brick walls while seeking our direct ancestors,
but we will also run headlong into the same barriers when we trace the descendents
of those ancestors as well – our collateral lines.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
</h3>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
One of My Walls</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For 37 years, I’ve been searching for my great-grandfather’s
sister with very little luck.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over time, I've been able to ascertain that Frances Jenett Owston was born
in Allegheny City (now Pittsburgh’s North Side), Pennsylvania in 1852, but I never could find her as an adult.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I first became aware of her existence in early 1978 when
my great-grandparents’ family bible surfaced after being out of the bloodline
for nearly 50 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Between the pages
of this large presentation bible was a piece of heavy paper stock with 11
locks of hair; each one was identified and dated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjdtICsXuxjB4R-9ugUr9pRPxmIC9K5yBKkdYSYI6rWjoUYAYEkOl0_nURpPxhUTE8su7Ab7T0A6VePjzql2umR60fj6BVIiGNxtOeMIGfysDZ7si6ZNy9up4zJuTBfTC4icuDhr2xiHjP/s1600/fannie_owston.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjdtICsXuxjB4R-9ugUr9pRPxmIC9K5yBKkdYSYI6rWjoUYAYEkOl0_nURpPxhUTE8su7Ab7T0A6VePjzql2umR60fj6BVIiGNxtOeMIGfysDZ7si6ZNy9up4zJuTBfTC4icuDhr2xiHjP/s1600/fannie_owston.jpg" width="269" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Some individuals had two samples from different periods of
their lives including my great-grandfather who had one dated from 1858 when he
was four years old and one from twenty-two years later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While most of the names were easily
identifiable as being members of my great-grandparents’ household, two were
not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One was a Grandma Ritchey, 70 years of age – who
was eventually determined to be my third great grandmother.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The other was for Fannie Owston; her sample
was dated 1859.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/frances_owston.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/frances_owston.jpg" width="289" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The other Fannie Owston - Frances W. Owston</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For 27 years, I had assumed that this was my
great-grandfather’s first cousin, Frances W. Owston, who also lived in
Pittsburgh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since my great-grandfather’s
family was musical and this Fannie Owston was a music teacher, it seemed
plausible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Confirming the identification
was problematic, as I couldn’t initially find my second great-grandparents in
the 1860 census.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite repeated searching of the census records,
I was unable to find their listing until 2006. The problem was that the family was
listed under an incorrect but similar surname and the head of the house’s (my second great-grandfather) initials were
transposed. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://linealarboretum.blogspot.com/2010/06/census-search-tips-part-1.html" target="_blank">See my post on this</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/mcfarlandbook.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/mcfarlandbook.jpg" width="301" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although finding the census in 2006 provided additional evidence of her existence
as my great-grandfather’s sister, I was able to determine the identity of Fannie Owston four years earlier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While browsing through the genealogical books in the Carnegie
Public Library in Pittsburgh, I found Ken McFarland’s book <u>Births,
Marriages, and Deaths of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania 1852-1854</u>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>McFarland’s a diligent researcher who has transcribed
and indexed numerous records from the Greater Pittsburgh area.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While in 1980 I had previously looked at the microfilm of
Allegheny County’s records from this period, I found no one in our family listed
and never revisited these documents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This time, however, I was interested in McFarland’s book, not for my own
family, but for siblings of 1200 Pennsylvania Civil War soldiers that I am
tracing from womb to the tomb.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was
hoping to find maiden names of the mothers of some of these soldiers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/Frances_J_Owston_birth.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="218" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/Frances_Owston_birthrecord.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Click to see larger record. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As I opened the book, there it was on page one – and
it was even registration number one: the birth record of Frances Owston daughter of John G. Owston
and Martha N. French.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was born at 7
PM on July 13, 1852 in the fourth ward of Allegheny City, PA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since this time, I’ve searched diligently for
Frances Owston, but outside of the additional listing in the 1860 census, I’ve
had no luck.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The family had moved from Pittsburgh to Canada in about 1857
and was in Detroit in 1860 where my second great-grandmother died that same
year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1995, I had traveled to Detroit
to research my second great grandparents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>While I found some information on the family, nothing on Frances
surfaced.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No one else was buried in the
plot where my second great grandmother was buried, so it seemed plausible that Fannie survived the family’s eight year stay in Michigan. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By 2009, I became aware of my family’s 1863 move from
Detroit to East Saginaw along with my second great-grandfather’s marriage to
and subsequent divorce from Permelia Condon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This heretofore unknown tidbit was a serendipitous discovery through searching
my surname in <a href="http://linealarboretum.blogspot.com/2010/10/genealogy-by-google-books.html" target="_blank">Google Books</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A published biography
and photo of my second great-grandfather with information about his work in Saginaw
led to the discovery of his second wife.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After the couple separated, the family moved back to Allegheny City in
1868.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Unfortunately, Detroit, East Saginaw, and Wayne and Saginaw
counties were not registering vital information during the 1860s and
1870s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If Fannie had moved back to
Allegheny County with her father and brother, chances of finding her if she
married or died were marginal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Allegheny
County did not begin registrations of marriages until September 1885 and
Allegheny City did not register births or deaths until July 1882. I had already
checked all of these records in the past for anyone with my surname. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If death or marriage occurred before the
1880s, I might never find her.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, I
never stopped searching. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<h3>
</h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<h3>
Background on the Records</h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While Pennsylvania is currently ranked at sixth in
population, it was the second most populous state for much of its history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You would think that a vital “keystone” of a
state might have policies in place to register births, marriages, and deaths –
but alas, it did not for many years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
the mid 19<sup>th</sup> century, Pennsylvania attempted to institute registrations
of births, marriages, and deaths.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
1852 registration was unsuccessful, and the state dropped the experiment after two
years. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One problem was that registration was not compulsory and many
individuals failed to comply.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Frances
Owston was the first to be registered in Pennsylvania’s second largest county
and third largest city, but her birth occurred seven months after the law was
effected and was not registered by the physician until three months later. Her brother’s birth two years later in the same town was never registered with
the state. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Eventually, individual municipalities began to register
births and deaths over the next 50 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pittsburgh, the second largest city in the Commonwealth, began in 1870.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As previously
stated, Pittsburgh’s neighbor to the north, Allegheny City, waited 12 more
years to register birth and death records.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Other towns followed suit but only when it was convenient to do so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Additionally, none of these registrations through 1905 were
mandatory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A case in point is my
father’s siblings. All five were born before 1906 and two died in early childhood
during the same period; none of these events were registered even though the municipalities were actively registering births and deaths. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The practice with marriages and divorces in Pennsylvania was
different.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As of September 30, 1885,
Pennsylvania required that all counties register marriages and these be on file
in the local county courthouse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marriage
registration was mandatory and the same process exists today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Divorce records were registered with the
county’s Prothonotary beginning in 1804.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Statewide mandatory vital registration, however, did not begin until
1906, which is late considering the population of Pennsylvania and that it prides
itself on being the second state to ratify the Constitution. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<h3>
</h3>
</div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
Fast forward</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After November 2014’s election, Governor Tom Corbett may not
think he has a friend in Pennsylvania, but he certainly has a friend in me, as
he signed Act 110 (Pennsylvania Vital Records Bill SB-361) into law on December
15, 2011. I was one of the many people to sign several petitions over the last
10 years to hasten the Commonwealth to begin this process. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The bill went into effect on February 13, 2012
and the Division of Vital Records transferred all death certificates 50 years
old and older and birth certificates 105 years old and older to the
Pennsylvania State Archives in Harrisburg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/brickwallpa.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/brickwallpa.jpg" /></a></div>
Declaring these documents as old records made them easily
available to the public and the old paper indexes for both became listed on the
Pennsylvania Department of Health’s website. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The indices, however, are PDF scans of the typewritten
copies and are laborious to use – but, at least, they are there. Copies of the
original records are now available to anyone through the State Archives for
$5.00.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is providing you have the
registration number from the indices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>From my personal experience, the turnaround of the processing takes less
than a week. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
How important is this move?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Being a native Pennsylvanian and an avid researcher of Pennsylvania
records, this was a dream come true.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
the past, Vital Records’ processing was slow (up to a month); they could reject
you if you were not a blood descendent or legal representative of the person on
the birth certificate (a caveat on their forms); you were not allowed to copy,
photograph, or publish an image of the record; and the service was expensive to
use, especially if you simultaneously wanted numerous certificates. Prior to
the transfer, a death record would cost $10, unless you didn’t know the date
and then an additional search fee was of $10 was charged for a search of ten
years. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While looking for my great-grandfather’s first cousin’s
death record, I got stung for $50. Not knowing the date of his passing, I
ordered a copy of the certificate with a 10 year window (1920-1929) search –
that was $20. No document was found. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
ordered another search at $20 for the years of 1910-1919. This was also
inconclusive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several years later while
perusing a church’s records on site, I found his 1923 burial date – the
cemetery provided an exact date of death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I ordered the certificate again ($10) with the exact date and received
it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unfortunately, Vital Records did a
sloppy job on the first search and I was out $30.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
</h3>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
Further Movement</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In August 2012, the Pennsylvania State Archives and Ancestry
signed an agreement for the company to digitize and upload the records.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These would be freely available to Pennsylvania
residents if they register at <a href="http://www.portal.state.pa.us/" target="_blank">http://www.portal.state.pa.us/</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All Ancestry customers would also have access
as part of their individual memberships.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On April 18, 2014, Ancestry announced that it had uploaded
the images and database information on death records from 1906-1924.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As with many individuals, I began searching
for family and others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As with the
database and the certificates, there were some issues that I will address in
future posts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The second group,
1925-1944, went live on June 24, 2014.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The records through 1963 completed the death certificate process on
October 24, 2014. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Birth certificates for 1906 will be completed in March
2015.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No timeline has been communicated
regarding the records for 1907-1909.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Until the end of this year, only the indices for 1906-1908 are currently
available.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
</h3>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
Brick Wall Smashed</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In July 2014, I decided to see if Ancestry had completed any
further uploading of death certificates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They had, and I did my customary search of my surname.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To my surprise, I found a Frances Beecher
Smith who was the daughter of John Owston and Martha French.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was my great-grandfather’s missing
sister. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/Frances_Beecher_Smith_Death_Certificate_large.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/FrancesBeecherSmithDeathCertificate.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Click for larger version. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After doing additional research in Pittsburgh, I began to
piece together her story:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>two failed
marriages, a bitter rivalry with another woman, the birth of two children, the loss of a
grandchild, and the finding of another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>While she never owned her own home, what she did have was far more
precious than gold.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She lived a long
life and had the support of a family that dearly loved her and to whom she
reciprocated that love. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/francesowstongrave.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/francesowstongrave.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My biggest surprise about Fannie was that she lived less
than 15 miles from my childhood home. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Outside
of the records I previously mentioned, I had never encountered her in any other until
now.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, I had walked across her
grave (which is unmarked) on at least four occasions looking for others in the
same cemetery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No stone is present, and
even if there was one, I wouldn’t have recognized the name Frances Smith.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/francesjowston.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/francesjowston.jpg" width="336" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My brick wall - Frances J. Owston Beecher Smith</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In addition, I have found Fannie’s only surviving
great-grandchild who lived in the same home with her for two decades. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have corresponded and talked on the phone
concerning the differences and similarities in our respective families.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition, this third cousin turns out to
be a double third cousin as I am related to both her maternal
grandparents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We still have a lot of
catching up to do yet. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Thanks to the 48 members of the Pennsylvania Senate and 194
members of Pennsylvania House of Representatives who voted to pass this act,
to Governor Tom Corbett who signed the bill into law, and to the forward thinking
folks at the Pennsylvania State Archives and Ancestry for collaborating on this
important project. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have already viewed several hundreds of these certificates
and in our next installment I will deal with death records, primarily those from
Pennsylvania, and their importance as genealogical evidence and the inherent
problems regarding these records as sources of information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
</h3>
<h3 class="MsoNormal">
References</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ancestry.com. (2014).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Pennsylvania, Births, 1852-1854</i>. Database available
at <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" target="_blank">http://www.ancestry.com</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ancestry.com. (2014). <i>Pennsylvania, Death
Certificates, 1906-1963</i>. Database available at
<a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" target="_blank">http://www.ancestry.com</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gruber, T. (2014).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>People for Better Pennsylvania Historical Records Access (PaHR-Access):
Frequently Asked Questions</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://users.rcn.com/pahraccess/PaHR-Access-FAQ.htm</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gruber, T. (2014).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>People for Better Pennsylvania Historical Records Access (PaHR-Access):
Genealogists, Researchers, Family Historians.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://users.rcn.com/pahraccess/PaHR-Access.htm" target="_blank">http://users.rcn.com/pahraccess/PaHR-Access.htm</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
McFarland, K.T.H. (1999). <i>Births, Marriages, and
Deaths of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania 1852-1854</i>. Apollo, PA:
Closson Press. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pennsylvania Department of Health. (2014). <i>Act 110
– Public Records (formerly known as Senate Bill 361)</i>. <a href="http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/public_records/20686" target="_blank">http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/public_records/20686</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pennsylvania General Assembly. (2012). <i>Senate Bill
361; Session 2011-2012</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/billinfo/bill_history.cfm?syear=2011&sind=0&body=S&type=B&bn=361" target="_blank">http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/billinfo/bill_history.cfm?syear=2011&sind=0&body=S&type=B&bn=361</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission. (2014). <i>Vital Statistics Records at the Pennsylvania State Archives</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/genealogy/3183/vital_statistics/387291" target="_blank">http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/genealogy/3183/vital_statistics/387291</a></div>
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Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-81233429426960089452014-06-19T00:43:00.000-04:002018-01-29T17:16:57.200-05:00Is Genetic Distance an Adequate Predictor of Relationships?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/GD_Sign.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/GD_Sign.jpg" height="274" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
On January 23, 2018, this June 19, 2014 post was reconstructed due to new information about the families discussed herein. When it was originally published, our three surname researchers had been under the estimation for nearly three decades that the Owston family from Ganton in the original East Riding of Yorkshire was originally descended from Giles Owston (d. 1641) and his progeny who lived in this same parish from the 16th through the 18th centuries.<br />
<br />
However, recently released Big Y results and a reexamination of the records of three parishes indicate that the current Ganton Owstons are actually a branch of the Sherburn family and not a distinct family at all. This was something that was not overtly evident in the original records and could not be determined with either STR or autosomal DNA testing.<br />
<br />
While the new data places these participants at a closer relationship level than originally thought, it does not conflict with our original premise from 2014. In addition, more recent results are used in this update, as we are able to move the comparison from 59 to 253 relationships. <br />
<br />
<b>INTRODUCTION:</b><br />
While obviously having a small pool of potential Y-DNA participants, low frequency surnames may have the advantage of having good documentation of ancestry. That is the case with my surname and its corresponding Y-DNA Project. The original intent of our project was to see if three families (at the time) bearing our surname from the original East Riding of Yorkshire had a common ancestry or if the surname was applied to these lineages independently from each other. Since the original writing, the number of distinct families has been reduced from three to two.<br />
<br />
The two extant families are as follows:<br />
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="4" style="width:90%">
<tbody>
<tr><td><b>SHERBURN:</b> The largest Owston family hails originally from Sherburn in Harford Lythe and its many members descend from Peter Owston who died in 1568. This group also includes the Ouston descendants of James Ouston (1711-1785) who was born in Brompton by Sawdon and who died in Sigglesthorne. You’ll find members of this clan in the UK, Australia, USA, Canada, New Zealand, Nicaragua, and Italy. Ninety-one percent (<a href="https://owston.wordpress.com/2016/06/09/its-raining-men-or-is-it/" target="_blank">yes, we counted</a>) of all Owston and Ouston males descend from the Sherburn family. </td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>THORNHOLME:</b> The second group of Owstons from 15 miles south of Sherburn and Ganton can be traced to Richard Owston of the village of Thornholme in the parish of Burton Agnes. Richard Owston died in 1739. By using onomastic evidence, it is possible to theorize a connection to an earlier Ganton line fathered by Robert Owston who was born in the 16th century. The names Richard, Michael, and Matthew appear both in the later Thornholme family as well as in the extinct Robert Owston of Ganton family. The Thornholme Owstons are found in Canada, Australia, the UK, Finland, and New Zealand. Only 25 males descend from the smaller Thornholme family.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0juvI0eWxPF_8OzaPeFF01XTpj2_LhJ2pB9PrSgDp3eLQLHDkOWnUnmQxv4SoTkH8f8STPergjFO3iWhvmoQy9WskoB6expLw0pe_RMGU0FIfreoPgOJD9NURJglXI-cRo9dbodOCkLCs/s1600/yorkshire.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0juvI0eWxPF_8OzaPeFF01XTpj2_LhJ2pB9PrSgDp3eLQLHDkOWnUnmQxv4SoTkH8f8STPergjFO3iWhvmoQy9WskoB6expLw0pe_RMGU0FIfreoPgOJD9NURJglXI-cRo9dbodOCkLCs/s1600/yorkshire.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
In the study’s first year, a positive conclusion was reached; as three participants (one from each identified family at the time) matched each other at 100% using 43 Y-DNA marker tests from GeneTree. Others in the study matched at a genetic distance of 2 and 3.<br />
<br />
This was exciting news, as it was impossible to determine a relationship between these lineages, as the connection between these families apparently occurred before the introduction of English parish registers in 1538.<br />
<br />
The first record of the surname in the region (spelled as Oustyn) appeared in a 1452 will from the parish of Wintringham. By the 16th century, the surname began to ramify within a five mile radius of Ganton and was found in Ganton, Staxton in Willerby, Sherburn, Foxholes, and West Heslerton - all presently in the Ryedale District of North Yorkshire.<br />
<br />
<b>
GROWTH OF THE PROJECT:</b>
<br />
In order to better understand our relationships and to construct a more conclusive modal haplotype of the Owston families, it was necessary to branch out beyond our original participants and attempt to test as many Owston/Ouston males as possible. We have identified 23 lines from the two families. Some lines can further be subdivided into groups that we call segments. Currently, there are 37 segments and unsegmented lines. <br />
<br />
As of 2018, the Owston/Ouston DNA project has 33 Y-DNA participants – 28 Sherburn family members and 5 Thornholme participants. The participants represent at least one person from 20 of the 23 lines and 26 of the 37 lines and segments. Additionally, some lines/segments have more than one participant. All five Thornholme lines are represented. For a look at the charts, see <a href="http://www.owston.com/family/owston/Owston_Family_Charts.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.owston.com/family/owston/Owston_Family_Charts.pdf</a>.<br />
<br />
Of the 33 participants, one individual is awaiting awaiting test results. Nine of the remaining individuals failed to match the modal haplotype and are apparently the results of non paternal events (NPEs). Several of these participants descended from families where known NPEs existed, while others’ results were a complete surprise. It is to be noted that everyone who tested had a clear paper genealogical line to one of the two original families. It is estimated that one-third of Owston/Ouston males have an ancestral NPE; this number may be even greater.<br />
<br />
<b>GENETIC DISTANCE:</b><br />
Currently, 23 of the participants have a solid match to the modal haplotype. These represent three Thornholme participants and 20 Sherburn participants. Early in this study, we noticed that some individuals were inclined to have closer genetic matches with participants who were genealogically more distant than those who were more closely related. This was a curiosity that led to the eventual writing of this post and the raising of 18 participants' STR resolutions to 111 markers. It also influenced our testing of 15 participants with FTDNA's Big Y test (3 tests are currently pending). <br />
<br />
Over the years, genetic genealogists have tended to rely upon genetic distance to help predict a range of possible relationships. In fact, FTDNA qualifies matches at various levels of genetic distance.<br />
<br />
For example, FTDNA states that a GD=0 at 37 markers indicates that the two individuals are “very tightly related”; and with a confidence level of .05 or less, FTDNA estimates that these individuals are related within eight generations (seventh cousins). A mismatch of one GD is considered “tightly related.” Genetic distances at 2 or 3 marker differences between men of the same surname are identified as “related.” As GD increases, the likelihood of a relationship diminishes with a GD=6 as considered as being not related, even when the same surname is present (Canada, 2011).<br />
<br />
In addition, most of us have genetically close matches with individuals who obviously are further back on the relationship continuum and do not share a common surname or variant. At 37 markers, I have a number of matches with individuals whose ancestry hails from distances far removed from my own East Riding ancestors. While we are related, the connection is likely before the genealogical time frame and may be prior to the various invasions of Britain – one of which brought my ancestors from mainland Europe.<br />
<br />
Using my project as a case study, I have hypothesized that, although a predictor of a familial connection, genetic distance is an inadequate predictor of relationships. Before I discuss my results, I must present some caveats.<br />
<br />
First of all, I cannot confirm the exact connection between the two families in my study; however, I have constructed plausible trees based on shared forenames, typical naming conventions, names found in wills and other local records, and the close geographical distances among both current families and three earlier extinct families. Currently, we can only affirm the relationship intra-family; however, based on the aforementioned factors, we are confident that the supposed relationships are close to the unknown actual relationships. The closest possible relationships are used in this analysis and should be no more distant than two generations, but due to different downstream SNP markers, the relationships are not any closer.<br />
<br />
Secondly, not all 23 matching participants tested at the same level of resolution. Five participants tested only at 43 markers at the now defunct GeneTree. Two of these men are deceased. We have been attempting to get the remaining three to upgrade at Family Tree DNA. Hopefully, at least two key participants will agree to a retest in 2018. One is critical as he is the last male in his line. We were successful in 2016 in retesting the last male in another line, as he died in late 2017. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/apples_oranges2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/apples_oranges2.jpg" height="350" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
In the original post, we compared all 37 marker tests to each other and all 43 marker tests to each other. The original combined analysis had only 59 compared relationships. In this new analysis, we compare 153 relationships at 37 markers and 253 at 43 markers. We only include the 43 marker results in order to use the data from the five participants who have only tested at 43 markers. These five can be compared to the 18 participants who have tested at 111 markers, as the additional markers at 43 are found within FTDNA's 111 STR markers. <br />
<br />
Third, there were only five participants with close relationships (fifth cousins and closer) in the original analysis; therefore, the mean TMRCA (time to the most recent common ancestor) skewed more distant. We now have 26 relationships at the fifth cousin level or closer. <br />
<br />
The relationships are as follows:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr><td><b>Relationships</b></td><td align="center"><b>Number</b></td></tr>
<tr><td> Father/Son</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
<tr><td> Brothers</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
<tr><td> Uncle/Nephew</td><td align="center">2</td></tr>
<tr><td> 1st Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
<tr><td> 2nd Cousins</td><td align="center">3</td></tr>
<tr><td> 2nd Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">3</td></tr>
<tr><td> 3rd Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
<tr><td> 4th Cousins</td><td align="center">7</td></tr>
<tr><td> 4th Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">4</td></tr>
<tr><td> 5th Cousins</td><td align="center">3</td></tr>
<tr><td> 5th Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">5</td></tr>
<tr><td> 6th Cousins</td><td align="center">2</td></tr>
<tr><td> 6th Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
<tr><td> 7th Cousins</td><td align="center">4</td></tr>
<tr><td> 7th Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">6</td></tr>
<tr><td> 7th Cousins, Twice Removed</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
<tr><td> 8th Cousins</td><td align="center">23</td></tr>
<tr><td> 8th Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">29</td></tr>
<tr><td> 8th Cousins, Twice Removed</td><td align="center">4</td></tr>
<tr><td> 9th Cousins</td><td align="center">30</td></tr>
<tr><td> 9th Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">21</td></tr>
<tr><td> 9th Cousins, Thrice Removed</td><td align="center">2</td></tr>
<tr><td>10th Cousins</td><td align="center">4</td></tr>
<tr><td>10th Cousins, Twice Removed</td><td align="center">24</td></tr>
<tr><td>11th Cousins, Once Removed</td><td align="center">10</td></tr>
<tr><td>12th Cousins*</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
<tr><td>12th Cousins, Once Removed*</td><td align="center">14</td></tr>
<tr><td>12th Cousins, Twice Removed*</td><td align="center">5</td></tr>
<tr><td>12th Cousins, Thrice Removed*</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
<tr><td>13th Cousins*</td><td align="center">24</td></tr>
<tr><td>13th Cousins, Once Removed*</td><td align="center">10</td></tr>
<tr><td>13th Cousins, Twice Removed*</td><td align="center">5</td></tr>
<tr><td>13th Cousins, Thrice Removed*</td><td align="center">1</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="4" style="width:70%">
<tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">*The exact relationships between members of the Sherburn and Thornholme families are not presently known. These relationships are estimated through onomastic evidence and references in wills; the assumed relationships are listed at the closest possible level; however, they may be one or two more generations further distant, but not any closer, as the families have distinct SNP signatures beyond their common I-A10206 SNP. </span></td></tr></tbody></table>
The genetic distance of the 153 relationships at 37 markers ranges from 0 to 7, while the 253 relationships at 43 markers have a genetic distance range from 0 to 6.<br />
<br />
A relationship listed with a .5 value (i.e., 1.5, 5.5, 14.5) indicates that the two parties are from different generations. For instance, 9th cousins, once removed are categorized as having at TMRCA of 10.5 generations. One member of the pair has a TMRCA of 10 generations, while the other individual has a TMRCA of 11 generations. The compromise is 10.5 generations for the relationship's common ancestor. <br />
<br />
<b>37 MARKER ANALYSIS:</b><br />
Often considered a baseline reliable STR resolution, the 37 marker test from FTDNA is generally considered the entry point for many Y-DNA participants. Of our 153 relationships at this resolution, the following chart illustrates the range of time to the most recent common ancestors (TMRCA) and the mean (mathematical average). Finally, the mean is rounded to the nearest .5 to determine the adjusted mean relationships. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr><td align="center"><b>GD</b></td><td align="center"><b>n</b></td><td align="center"><b>MIN</b><br />
<b>TMRCA </b></td><td align="center"><b>MAX</b><br />
<b>TMRCA</b></td><td align="center"><b>MEAN</b><br />
<b>TMRCA</b></td><td align="center"><b>ADJUSTED MEAN </b><br />
<b>RELATIONSHIP</b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">46</td><td align="center"> 1.0</td><td align="center">14.5</td><td align="center"> 9.90</td><td> 9th Cousins</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">20</td><td align="center"> 3.0</td><td align="center">14.5</td><td align="center"> 9.20</td><td> 8th Cousins</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">31</td><td align="center"> 3.5</td><td align="center">14.5</td><td align="center"> 9.69</td><td> 8th Cousins, Once Removed</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">28</td><td align="center"> 5.0</td><td align="center">15.0</td><td align="center">11.11</td><td>10th Cousins</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">16</td><td align="center"> 5.5</td><td align="center">13.5</td><td align="center">10.06</td><td> 9th Cousins</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">5</td><td align="center"> 9</td><td align="center"> 8.5</td><td align="center">12.0</td><td align="center">10.06</td><td> 9th Cousins</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">6</td><td align="center"> 2</td><td align="center">10.0</td><td align="center">12.0</td><td align="center">11.00</td><td>10th Cousins</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">7</td><td align="center"> 1</td><td align="center">11.5</td><td align="center">11.5</td><td align="center">11.50</td><td>10th Cousins, Once Removed</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
While the mean TMRCA The chart below illustrates the mean (adjusted to the nearest .5), the median (the midpoint TMRCA in the series), and the mode (most common TMRCA value). Where no green bar is present, there are multiple modes.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/TMRCA-37_Central_Tendencies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/TMRCA-37_Central_Tendencies.jpg" height="298" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
With the exception of the GD=7 where there is only one sample, the mean TMRCA, median TMRCA, and the modal TMRCA all fall within one generation of 10 generations.<br />
<br />
The actual relationships and their genetic distances are better represented, however, on a scatter plot. Although there are 63 dots represented in the plot, there are 153 relationships.<br />
<br />
The dots in the following graph often represent several distinct relationships at the same level and genetic distance. For example, the dot for a TMRCA of 14 generations (12C1R/13C) and a GD=0 represents 8 relational pairs; whereas the dot for siblings at a GD=0 represents only one relational pair. The trend line is close to the mid point of the results. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/Scatter-37.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/Scatter-37.jpg" height="294" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
Notice the number of relationships showing a GD=0. Those at the highest relationship level are pairs of individuals who have a common ancestor born in the 1400s, and yet 16 of these distant cousins have a GD=0. More variability, however, is shown in the area of eighth cousins, twice removed and ninth cousins with a genetic distance range of 0 to 6.<br />
<br />
Relationships with a GD of 5, 6, and 7 are indicative of each individual of the pair having more STR mutations from the modal haplotype than other typical participants. These differences often become wider at greater testing resolutions as illustrated below.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/modal_differences.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/modal_differences.jpg" height="379" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Although bearing their own designations, both the Cobourg (named for a Canadian town) and the Ganton families are subsets of the Sherburn family. </span><br />
<br />
Finally, FTDNA categorizes relationships at 37 markers as being very tightly related (GD=0), tightly related (GD=1), related (GD=2 or 3), probably related (GD=4), possibly related (GD=5), and not related (GD=6+).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/TMRCA-37_Categories.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/TMRCA-37_Categories.jpg" height="282" width="400" /></a></div>
Note, FTDNA will only show matches with a genetic distance of four or less. Twelve relationships do not show as matching at 37 markers.
These relationship pairs are as follows:<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul>
<li>one seventh cousin, once removed pair; </li>
<li>one seventh cousin, twice removed pair; </li>
<li>two eighth cousin, once removed pairs; </li>
<li>one eighth cousin, twice removed pair; </li>
<li>two ninth cousin pairs; </li>
<li>one ninth cousin, once removed pair; </li>
<li>one ninth cousin, thrice removed pair; </li>
<li>and
three tenth cousin, twice removed pairs. </li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<br />
<b>43 MARKER ANALYSIS:</b><br />
I questioned whether I should include the analysis at 43 markers, as no company is presently (to my knowledge) offering 43 (also marketed as 46) marker STR tests. I decided to include the results based on two reasons. First, the original 2014 post used 43 marker tests in its analysis. Second, adding the five participants increases the number of relationship analysis from 153 pairs to 253 pairs. The data for these additional 100 relational pairs could prove valuable; however, the overall analysis will concentrate on the 37 marker data. <br />
<br />
The data for 43 markers uses similar tables and charts to those used in the 37 marker analysis. <br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr><td align="center"><b>GD</b></td><td align="center"><b>n</b></td><td align="center"><b>MIN</b><br />
<b>TMRCA </b></td><td align="center"><b>MAX</b><br />
<b>TMRCA</b></td><td align="center"><b>MEAN</b><br />
<b>TMRCA</b></td><td align="center"><b>ADJUSTED MEAN </b><br />
<b>RELATIONSHIP</b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">67</td><td align="center">0.5</td><td align="center">14.5</td><td align="center"> 8.84</td><td> 8th Cousins</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">38</td><td align="center">2.5</td><td align="center">15.0</td><td align="center">11.24</td><td>10th Cousins</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">78</td><td align="center">5.0</td><td align="center">15.5</td><td align="center">10.85</td><td>10th Cousins</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">41</td><td align="center">6.0</td><td align="center">15.0</td><td align="center">10.54</td><td> 9th Cousins, Once Removed</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">17</td><td align="center">7.5</td><td align="center">15.0</td><td align="center">11.71</td><td>10th Cousins, Once Removed</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">10</td><td align="center">8.0</td><td align="center">13.5</td><td align="center">10.25</td><td> 9th Cousins, Once Removed</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">6</td><td align="center"> 2</td><td align="center">9.5</td><td align="center">14.0</td><td align="center">11.75</td><td>11th Cousins</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.owston.com/blog/TMRCA-43_Central_Tendencies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.owston.com/blog/TMRCA-43_Central_Tendencies.jpg" height="294" width="400" /></a></div>
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While the data presented at 43 markers is somewhat different, the results still indicate a great variety of relationships found at particular genetic distances. Although a perfect trend would be non-linear, the linear representation roughly indicates the middle of all the results. Remember, each dot can represent multiple relationships. <br /><br />
<b>
CONCLUSION:</b>
<br />
The average results across the board are not significantly different. At a 37 marker resolution, a GD=0 and a GD=5 result in the same adjusted mean relationship: 9th cousins. The differences are found with the range of results. In our examples, a greater genetic distance indicates a narrower range of possible relationships. Therefore, it is unlikely that two people with a GD=4 are close relatives; however, a GD=0 could represent numerous relationships from very close relatives to those who are very distant, as a genetic distance of zero is all over the road.<br />
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In addition, matches with individuals of different surnames also create prediction problems. By analyzing the genetic distance, it is impossible to determine if any of these matches are related within the genealogical time period. In my own match list, I have 67 other surnamed individuals who match me at genetic distances of two, three, and four. Do any share an ancestor within the last 600 years and are a product of an ancestral NPE? Do they share an ancestor from the distant past and their results mimic close relationships due to convergence? At 37 markers alone, it is impossible to tell. <br />
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According our results, genetic distance at 37 markers is an insufficient predictor of relationship.<br />
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Although we have reached this conclusion, this is just one study and the results may only be indicative of this particular surname. I would be curious in knowing if others can replicate similar results in their studies.<br />
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While we may never know what causes the frequency of mutations on Short Tandem Repeats, the examination of studies where ancestries are documented may help us to better understand the role that genetic distance plays and to be able to better understand relationship prediction.
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<b>REFERENCE:</b><br />
Canada, R.A. (2011). <i>If two men share a surname, how should the genetic distance at 37 Y-Chromosome STR markers be interpreted?</i> Family Tree DNA. <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/learn/y-dna-testing/y-str/two-men-share-surname-genetic-distance-37-y-chromosome-str-markers-interpreted/" target="_blank">https://www.familytreedna.com/learn/y-dna-testing/y-str/two-men-share-surname-genetic-distance-37-y-chromosome-str-markers-interpreted/</a>
Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com25tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-31342637267343702942013-05-26T08:25:00.001-04:002013-08-13T21:18:56.757-04:00Non Genetic Relatives In A DNA Database<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Finding a relative that doesn’t match my DNA in a DNA database? That’s preposterous, isn’t it? One of the reasons many of us have chosen to test with 23andMe and other companies is to find unknown relatives that match our DNA. True, but we also have relatives with whom we have no matching DNA, and some of these should appear in 23andMe's database. If you have tested other relatives, you have an opportunity of finding some of these non-matching individuals. Indulge me while I explain.<br />
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While I was allowing my mind to wander concerning autosomal testing the other day, I came to the realization that I have relatives with whom I have no significant genetic connection, and that these individuals may be found in 23andMe’s database. I’ve really known this for a while, as I have tested a number of close family members and they have matches that I don’t have. No doubt I am related to some of these individuals. Because of recombination, the amount of DNA we receive from a given ancestor is diminished in each generation. Therefore, not everyone who is legitimately related to us shares DNA with us. <br />
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This is best understood with close relatives. Since I’ve tested my mother and two brothers, approximately half of their matches do not share any segments of DNA at 5cM or higher with me and therefore do not show in my “DNA Relatives” (formerly “Relative Finder”) on 23andMe. In other words, for every 50 matches I share with my mother, theoretically she has 50 matches that I do not share. The same goes for each brother. <br />
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In addition, I’ve known since I began testing fourth cousins, that some would match me and some would not. I am related to these individuals, but we simply do not share any DNA. For example, I have 6 fourth cousins and 1 fourth cousin, once removed who have tested. I share no significant amounts of DNA with the fourth cousin, once removed and none with 4 of the 6 fourth cousins. Just because I do not match some of these cousins, it doesn’t mean we are not related. There is only a 45% chance that you will match a known fourth cousin.<br />
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I then realized that, although I was not matching these relatives, there were others they matched who were possibly related to me. So the first step in this process was to determine the percentage of possible relatives a particular individual might share with me and then calculate the mean number of that person’s matches with which I might share DNA. <br />
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While the percentage of total ancestors I would share with a person would be absolute, the percentage of a person’s matches I would share with an individual would be an approximate. Since there is randomness in recombination, I might share more or less than an average amount with a person. <br />
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For example, a sibling will share an average of 50% of his or her DNA with other siblings. I share 49.6% of my genome with my oldest brother, which is fairly close to the average of 50%; however, my other brother and I share only 41% of our DNA – which is considerably less than average. Therefore, I could expect that I have lesser number of DNA matches with this brother than I do with our oldest brother. <br />
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The second factor is due to nature of 23andMe’s database. There will be a lesser number of potential matches from ancestral populations that are not well represented. For example, I have about 30% German ancestry from my mother’s family; however, I have a smaller number of German matches than I do through my father’s New England Colonial family. Therefore, predicting the number of actual non-matching relatives we have in the database is entirely dependent upon 23andMe’s customer base.<br />
<br />
Therefore, no amount of calculation will be correct in regards to the two issues of the random nature of recombination and database limitations. <br />
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The following chart explains the percentage of a relative’s ancestors we have in common and the average amount of DNA we should expect to share.<br />
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<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" size="350">
<tbody>
<tr><td><b>Relationship</b></td><td><b> Shared Ancestry</b></td><td><b> Average Shared DNA </b></td></tr>
<tr><td>Identical Twin</td><td align="right">100.00%</td><td align="right">100.00%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Parent</td><td align="right">100.00%</td><td align="right">50.00%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sibling</td><td align="right">100.00%</td><td align="right">50.00%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Grandparent</td><td align="right">100.00%</td><td align="right">25.00%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Aunt/Uncle</td><td align="right">100.00%</td><td align="right">25.00%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Double Cousin</td><td align="right">100.00%</td><td align="right">25.00%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Great Grandparent</td><td align="right">100.00%</td><td align="right">12.50%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Great Aunt/Uncle</td><td align="right">100.00%</td><td align="right">12.50%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Half Sibling</td><td align="right">50.00%</td><td align="right">25.00%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Half Aunt/Uncle</td><td align="right">50.00%</td><td align="right">12.50%</td></tr>
<tr><td>1st Cousin</td><td align="right">50.00%</td><td align="right">12.50%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Half Cousin</td><td align="right">25.00%</td><td align="right">6.25%</td></tr>
<tr><td>1st Cousin, Once Removed</td><td align="right">25.00%</td><td align="right">6.25%</td></tr>
<tr><td>2nd Cousin</td><td align="right">25.00%</td><td align="right">3.13%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Half Cousin, Once Removed</td><td align="right">12.50%</td><td align="right">3.13%</td></tr>
<tr><td>2nd Cousin, Once Removed</td><td align="right">12.50%</td><td align="right">1.56%</td></tr>
<tr><td>3rd Cousin</td><td align="right">12.50%</td><td align="right">0.78%</td></tr>
<tr><td>4th Cousin</td><td align="right">6.25%</td><td align="right">0.20%</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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In the above table, the numbers in the second column represent the absolute percentage of that person’s ancestors we would actually share. For example, a first cousin, once removed seems high at 25%; however, if we consider that we share 100% of the ancestors of our parents’ siblings, and we do, then an aunt/uncle’s child (a first cousin) is half that amount at 50%. Therefore, our first cousin’s child shares 25% of his or her ancestors with us. We would be related to 25% of our first cousin, once removed’s ancestors and approximately 25% of that person’s potential relatives. <br />
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The exact number of relatives that we share will vary due to the number of actual relatives that person has. For example if we have 20 first cousins on our father’s side and only two on our mother’s side, we will have more paternal relatives than maternal, so the numbers only work in theory. <br />
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The third column represents the average amount of DNA we share with our relatives at each level. Using our first cousin, once removed again as an example, we only share 6.25% of our DNA with this relative – therefore, we should match about 6.25% of that cousin’s 23andMe matches. Again if all things were equal (and they are not), we might expect to be related to 18.75% of that person’s matches, but not share any DNA with these individuals. Again, these percentages are not absolutes, but approximations. <br />
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With those with whom we share 100% of their ancestors, determining who is related to us in their DNA Relative list is easy – it is everyone; however, it is possible to determine who may be related to us in the lists of relatives that share a fraction of their ancestors with us. <br />
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To do this, we must compare two relatives that are mutually related to us and each other and find out who they match and determine who matches us and who does not. The relationship of the two individuals must not be any closer than our relationship with either one. For example, I have two fourth cousins who have tested and who are siblings. Their relationship as siblings will produce matches from ancestries for which I have no relationship. Likewise, two other fourth cousins who are second cousins to each other cannot be compared either without producing matches to individuals with whom I could not possibly be related. <br />
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<h3>
THE PROCEDURE</h3>
The procedure for doing this is to download DNA Relative files and compare these in Excel. Find two relatives that have at least an equal or greater distance from each other as your closest relative of the two does to you. Create a column in one of the files that you mark each row in the same manner; I used an “x” and give it a name like “ID.” Add a column to the second file and leave the column blank. Copy the second file and paste the rows below the first. <br />
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Once done, highlight the header row (Row 1). Click the “Data” tab and select “Filter” (or use Ctrl+Shift+L). Highlight the "Name" column, select the drop down arrow and select “Sort A to Z.” The names across both data sets will be in alphabetical order.<br />
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Next, highlight the “Name” column. Click the “Home” tab. Click “Conditional Formatting” and then “Highlight Cells Rules.” Select “Duplicate Values.” Some of your cells in this column should become highlighted in the default color – generally pink. <br />
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Open a new Excel file, copy the header row into it, and keep the file ready. Go back to the original file’s “Name” column and click the down arrow on the header. Select “Sort by Color” and select the color of the duplicates. This arranges all of the duplicates in alphabetical order. Copy all of the duplicates (highlighted in pink) and paste these into the new file. Now delete all of the rows that have something in the name field. <br />
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Repeat the process, with the “Family Surnames” column and then the “Family Locations” column. You can work through the rest of the copied databases, but unless you are very familiar with Excel, I would suggest not doing this as you will have the possibility of introducing non-matches in your final spreadsheet by accident. In the new spreadsheet, go to the “ID” column, select the down arrow and “Sort A to Z.” Delete all of the rows with no “x” in this column and that eliminates all of the duplicates in the spreadsheet. <br />
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What remains are a portion of those who the two relatives share and who may be related to you. You can paste your data onto this spreadsheet, and repeat the duplicate values, as you did with “Name,” for “Family Surnames” and “Family Locations.” If there are any duplicates, these are the individuals that you and your two cousins share. If it is a short list, the quickest method is to open your DNA Relatives page on 23andMe and use the search feature there. Good luck. <br />
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<h3>
THE CAVEATS</h3>
There is no guarantee, however, that these individuals are actually related to you or related to you in the same lineage as to those with whom you are comparing. A case in point, my half cousin (through my father’s mother) is related to my fourth cousin (through my father’s father) with 14cM shared; however, they are related in an unknown manner and from different lines than I am related to either one of them. <br />
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My sister-in-law also shares 9cM of DNA with this same fourth cousin, albeit, it is via a completely different lineage. Both of these relatives share more with my documented 4th cousin that I do (5cM). Therefore, just because your two relatives have a common DNA cousin, this individual may not be related to you or if they are related to you, they may be related along another lineage. <br />
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There will be qualifying individuals that you will not be able to determine if they match both subjects. I have determined these matches based on three criteria: name, family surnames, and family locations - these are the only three columns that will consequently prove the individual on both lists is the same. Just because two individuals have the same haplogroups does not mean they are one and the same. Therefore, we will miss some of our matching relatives by virtue of a lack of information. <br />
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Finally, we may match the same individuals; however, we may match on a different segments or even different chromosomes than than the other two individuals. The closer the relationships, the more likely we will have matches on identical segments or portions of identical segments. <br />
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<h3>
PUTTING IT INTO PRACTICE</h3>
I decided to put this into practice and here’s what I was able to discover with several of my family members who have tested. <br />
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<h3>
First Cousins</h3>
I looked at the matches between my two maternal first cousins who are also first cousins with each other. They had 93 matching individuals with only six matching me. Because of my very close relationship to both of these women, I would venture to say that most if not all of these matches are my non DNA relatives. In comparing the 93 individuals with my mother, she matches all but 20 – these twenty relatives would never have been known to me had I not conducted this exercise. <br />
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<h3>
Multiple Relationships/First Cousins Twice Removed</h3>
This is a fairly unique comparison as I am related to both individuals in two different ways; however, the lineages are the same for both. With subject “A,” I am her second cousin via her grandmother and her second cousin, once removed through her grandfather. To visualize this, our grandmothers were sisters. Her grandfather was my grandfather’s uncle. I share 50% of her ancestors and she shares 37.5% of mine in this unique relationship; together we share 5.34% of our DNA.<br />
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To Subject B, I am his second cousin, twice removed via his 2nd great grandmother and a third cousin, once removed through his 2nd great grandfather. I share 12.5% of his ancestors and together we share 2.68% of our DNA. Subjects A and B, who are first cousins, twice removed, share 12.5% of their ancestry and 3.64% of their DNA.<br />
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Confused yet? Good. This particular matching produced 19 matches and only three of whom I share any DNA at a significant level. The great difficulty in determining which side these relationships originate can only come through comparing to others that are related to me and these two cousins from one side of the family and not the other.<br />
<br />
Fortunately, I have two individuals from each side of the family to do this comparison. Unfortunately, the two related to me through my paternal grandmother did not match these 19 people. The two subjects related to Subject A and B through my paternal grandfather’s mother each matched one individual. From the 19 matches, only two can be placed into a specific lineage. The others will require further research. <br />
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<h3>
Half Cousin/Second Cousin</h3>
Since my father had half-sisters and no full siblings, I tested my half cousin who is also a second cousin to Subject A in the preceding example. Their match, which is completely New England Colonial, produced 17 individuals in common – seven of these match me. <br />
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<h3>
Half Cousin/Second Cousin Once Removed</h3>
Using this same half cousin, I repeated the exercise with our common second cousin, once removed. His great-grandmother was the sister of our grandmother. By comparing the two individuals, I was able to determine that they had 12 individuals in common and four of these match me. <br />
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<h3>
Second Cousins</h3>
Although we share no Colonial New England lines we have some Colonial New Jersey and Pennsylvania lineages, my common paternal second cousins produced a sizable number of matches. The three of us share great-grandparents, and we descend from three of their five children. These two cousins had 28 matches in common – four of which I shared. I would have expected that we would have shared more, but we don’t for some reason. <br />
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<h3>
Second Cousin/Second Cousin Once Removed</h3>
The next comparison was between my second cousin and my second cousin, once removed. They are second cousins, once removed and share a Colonial New England ancestry. Both descend from my grandmother's two sisters. The two share 10 matches in common with only three that matched me. <br />
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<h3>
Second Cousins/Fourth Cousins, Once Removed</h3>
My second cousins and I share a fourth cousin, once removed, and since one of the second cousins shares a larger than normal amount with her, I thought it might prove interesting if we see how many they match; some of these individuals could be my relatives as well. <br />
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Needless to say, the pair matched four individuals. One of these is a known fourth cousin. Because I do not share any autosomal DNA with this fourth cousin, once removed, I have no matching DNA with any of the four – including the other fourth cousin – who also matches her. Of the 16 folks in our family study based on my surname lineage, only these two women match this fourth cousin, once removed. <br />
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<h3>
THE POSSIBILITIES</h3>
What I’ve learned from this exercise is that I can possibly discover non-DNA relatives in 23andMe’s database. While there is always a chance that the matches that my cousins match are not related to me personally, there are those who would be. <br />
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While many of the matching segments are very small, I probably will not pursue some of these personally, as I’ve found that trying to determine relationships with the smaller matches has been an exercise in futility. While I will share with anyone who wants to share, I am currently only actively tracking individuals that share at least .20% of their genome with my family members. <br />
<br />
This was a fun exercise and it renewed my interest in my 23andMe matches. I’ve become a little stagnant with my autosomal pursuits as of late. This effort has infused a bit more vigor in this regard. Try it and see if you can find possible non DNA relatives in the 23andMe database. Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-14326716826141122342013-03-06T16:19:00.000-05:002013-03-08T18:07:58.902-05:00Who Do They Think I Am - A Look At Four Autosomal Analyses<br />
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Since a number of genetic genealogists have already participated in the exercise of analyzing their results from the various autosomal companies, I have decided to look at mine as well. To see what others have discovered, see the posts by <a href="http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/2012/12/comparing-admixture-test-results-across.html" target="_blank">CeCe Moore</a> and <a href="http://dna-explained.com/2013/02/24/the-autosomal-me-testing-company-results/" target="_blank">Roberta Estes</a>. In my analysis, I will only look at the results from four commercial entities that provide autosomal results: National Geographic’s Geno 2.0 Project, Family Tree DNA’s Population Finder, Ancestry.com’s AncestryDNA, and 23andMe’s Ancestry Composition.<br />
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Each of these four companies provided different results and I will compare these in light of what I know concerning my own ancestry from the last 500 years. Attempting to assign a person to a population is less difficult for someone who has a homogenous ancestry than it is for someone who is admixed from divergent populations. Some of the services will assign a primary population while others look at the constituent parts of one’s genetic background and provide an analysis of the segments.<br />
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<h3>
Regional Populations</h3>
<br />
Another problem in comparing the results is that the various companies use different reference populations. In addition, regional populations are not consistent. For Europe (where all of my known ancestors hail), 23andMe classifies four regional populations: Northern European, Southern European, Eastern European, and Ashkenazi.<br />
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FTDNA’s European regions are identified as Western European, Northeast European, Southeast European, and Southern European. AncestryDNA features more European regions and these include British Isles, Scandinavian, Central European, Eastern European, and Southern European. <br />
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The Geno 2.0 project assigns local results based on a mixture of a variety of world regional populations with only two that are predominantly European in origin: Mediterranean and Northern European; however, the Mediterranean segment classification is not limited to Europe. With only two regional populations assigned to Europe, it is difficult to compare the Geno 2.0 results with the others – but we will get to this later.<br />
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<h3>
My Ancestry</h3>
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To the best of my knowledge, the following chart illustrates the nature of my ancestry within the last several hundred years. While I can take some lines back to the 1500s and beyond, others can only be traced satisfactorily to the early 19th century. <br />
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Primarily, I am English (38.28%) and German (31.25%). Scottish, Welsh, and Swiss are represented by each constituting 6.25% of my ancestry. My Scots-Irish, Irish, and French ancestries each contribute 3.13% of my lineage. My French ties come from the former province of Dauphiné in southeast region of the country. <br />
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Finally, my least represented known ancestry is of Norman stock from the Isle of Jersey. Two New England families on my father’s side constitute this lineage. My Gustin (formerly known as Jean de la Tocq) line and associated families are from St. Ouen’s parish and my Gavitt/Gavey line and related families hail from St. Saviour’s parish. <br />
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While I do not have any personal knowledge of Dutch ancestry, there are a number of residents of the Netherlands that match my mother on 23andMe with percentages that are consistent with third and fourth cousins. The origin of these connections has not yet been determined, but probably will show as one of my lines previously believed to be German. In addition, it is thought that my Maneval line, which originated in Dauphiné, may have intermarried with Italians in Piedmont.<br />
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<h3>
National Geographic’s Geno 2.0 Project</h3>
In the Geno 2.0 project, the various reference populations are viewed from their specific admixture. Since my ancestry is European, we’ll concentrate on those references for this discussion. There are 12 reference populations from Europe and include the following ethnicities: British, Bulgarian, Danish, Finnish, German, Greek, Iberian, Romanian, Russian, Russian Tartars, Sardinian, and Tuscan. <br />
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All of the above populations have Northern European, Mediterranean, and Southwest Asian components. Certain populations (Bulgarian, Finnish, Romanian, Russian, and Russian Tartars) also carry segments from Northeast Asia. Depending upon the reference population’s geographic location, the majority of the segments were either Northern European or Mediterranean. <br />
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Mediterranean is also found as the majority component in the following non-European populations: Egyptian, Georgian, Iranian, Kuwaiti, Lebanese, Northern Caucasian, Puerto Rican, and Tunisian. Mexican-Americans also have a sizable Mediterranean component; however, Native American is their greatest percentage. <br />
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Other regional reference markers that are not found in the European reference populations are Southeast Asian, Native American, Oceanian, Subsaharan African, and South African. For an overview of the reference populations used in this study, go to <a href="https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/overview-of-regions-and-closest-populations/reference-populations/" target="_blank">https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/overview-of-regions-and-closest-populations/reference-populations/</a>.<br />
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For my results, my Northern European component at 41% is less than the Northern European reference populations of Finnish (57%), Danish (53%), Russian (51%), British (50%), and German (46%). My Mediterranean component (39%) is greater than that which is found among German (36%), British (33%), Danish (30%), Russian (25%), Russian Tartar (21%), and Finnish (17%). It is also considerably less than more southerly European populations from Sardinia (67%), Tuscany (54%), Greece (54%), Iberia (48%), Bulgaria (47%), and Romania (43%). <br />
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Since European populations also have Southwest Asian genetic components, my 19% is slightly higher than most of Geno 2.0’s European reference populations; however, it appears to be more closely aligned with Eastern Europeans such as Russians (18%), Romanians (19%), Bulgarians (20%), and Russian Tartars (21%); however, I do not have any Northeast Asian markers, which are characteristic of all of these populations. <br />
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I have included a chart of four reference populations compared to my results. Included in those four are the primary (German) and secondary (Tuscan) reference populations as determined by Geno 2.0. I have added two additional populations (British and Danish) for comparison purposes. <br />
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Geno 2.0 lists German as my primary reference population. I am in agreement with this as I have a large percentage of German ancestry and an even larger percentage of English. When one remembers that Saxon, Angle, Jute, Frisian, Viking, and Norman invasions occurred on British soil, Germanic segments would have contributed greatly to this ancestry. <br />
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According to Geno 2.0, “This reference population is based on samples collected from people native to Germany. The dominant 46% Northern European component likely reflects the earliest settlers in Europe, hunter-gatherers who arrived there more than 35,000 years ago. The 36% Mediterranean and 17% Southwest Asian percentages probably arrived later, with the spread of agriculture from the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East over the past 10,000 years. As these early farmers moved into Europe, they spread their genetic patterns as well. Today, northern and central European populations retain links to both the earliest Europeans and these later migrants from the Middle East.”<br />
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Geno 2.0’s secondary population for me is Tuscan. Even eyeballing the results tells me something is amiss. While I have a Mediterranean percentage that is larger than the Northern European references, it is not comparable with those from Tuscany. I have included British and Danish references in the above graphic and they appear to be more in line with secondary and tertiary populations. <br />
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If I were to score the populations based on the total percentage differences of the three categories of Northern European, Mediterranean, and Southwest Asian, the Tuscan reference is not as close as the British and Danish references. I have a total point difference of 10 with the German reference; however, the Tuscan population has a 30 point spread. <br />
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British, which is logical from what I know of my own ancestry, only has 16 points of difference, while Danish is further removed with 24 points of difference – still less than the Tuscan example. While I would be in agreement with the Germanic identity, I am not in agreement with the comparison to Tuscan populations.<br />
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<h3>
Family Tree DNA’s Population Finder</h3>
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When I first received my Population Finder results, I immediately dismissed these because of the inclusion of 8.42% Middle Eastern ancestry. My Western European ancestry was reckoned as being 91.58%. Knowing that my lineages were all European, I could not see where Middle Eastern segments could exist within the past 500 years; any Middle Eastern ancestry would certainly been too far removed to show in my analysis. Since receiving the Geno 2.0 results and seeing how pervasive Mediterranean and Southwest Asian segments were across all European populations, I have rethought my original opinions on these results. <br />
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Since populations are more complex than I originally thought, I am more inclined to view the Middle Eastern segments as either part of what is identified by Geno 2.0 as either Mediterranean or Southwest Asian in origin. This remains to be seen and since neither service provides a chromosome by chromosome analysis, it is impossible to see if there is a correlation.<br />
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<h3>
Ancestry.com’s AncestryDNA</h3>
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Ancestry’s analysis has me baffled, as they have assigned 21% of my ancestry to Eastern Europe. While I have a slight amount of my overall lineage traced back to Ukraine, it was 38 generations in the past and its overall impact on my autosomal results should be negligible. <br />
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Although not all of my ancestors are represented by the pins on the map shown below, the ones that are present show the predominance of my heritage coming from the British Isles and Central Europe. None are found in Eastern Europe. While I would love to lay claim on some recent Slavic ancestry, I cannot and I question the results as reported by Ancestry.com. Like Geno 2.0 and FTDNA’s Population Finder, Ancestry does not plot the results by chromosome.<br />
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<h3>
23andMe’s Ancestry Composition</h3>
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Introduced in December 2012, I will have to admit that 23andMe’s new feature is far and above the competition in accuracy based on my known ancestry. In the previous incarnation called Ancestry Painting, 23andMe’s ancestral analysis was pretty Spartan. My results were, in a few words, pretty vanilla – or in the color schemes used at the time – completely blue.<br />
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The new Ancestry Composition feature fine tunes these results with additional global populations going beyond their original European, Asian, and African classifications to the expanded European, East Asian/Native American, Middle Eastern/North African, South Asian, Sub-Saharan African, and Oceanian regional populations. In addition, several sub-regional populations were also added. <br />
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23andMe also defaults to a standard estimate of your populations and allows you to determine if you want to be more speculative or more conservative in your population estimates. I’m ready to go for broke (read “reckless abandon” for me) and completely rely upon the speculative results as it gives me more options. <br />
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While these results remained 99.7% European, some additional colors were added to my ancestral spectrum. These were very small by comparison with 0.1% each for Native American, North African, and South Asian. The results could be regarded as noise or just very small segments of my ancestry.<br />
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With two of these populations occurring at the same segment as my mother, I have a tendency to believe that they may be accurate – but very persistent and fairly distant markers. She shares the Native American and North African segments. Therefore, the Southeast Asian must come from my father. How they fit into my ancestry, I haven’t a clue. I would have thought that my father’s side had more of an opportunity to have Native American blood, as a majority of his ancestors were in the colonies over a hundred years prior to my mother’s first immigrants.<br />
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One thing that I believe is incorrect is the assignment for my X chromosome as being “British and Irish.” Having already phased my X as coming primarily from my maternal grandmother (see <a href="http://linealarboretum.blogspot.com/2012/11/phasing-x-chromosome.html">my previous post on this subject</a>), I already know that her ancestry was 87.5% German and 12.5% French; however, the contributors to her X chromosome were all German. <br />
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Outside of this misidentification, I am pleased with how 23andMe assigned the various populations. My German ancestry is somewhat underreported; however, I am assuming that most of what came from my Teutonic predecessors is found under the “Nonspecific Northern European” category. While not having any known Sardinian (0.3%) or Balkan (0.2%) ancestry, I checked with my mother’s results and found that she only shared the Balkan markers. She also had a chromosome that was nearly all Italian which I did not inherit. This may indicate the supposed Italian ancestry from Piedmont. <br />
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The Sardinian must come from my father; however, his ancestry was primarily from the British Isles. There is one possibility though. My grandfather’s sister’s middle name was the Italian surname of Marcelli. Unfortunately, we have no clue why the second child of this family was named Essa Marcelli Owston. Was she named for a Sardinian or Italian ancestor or a friend of the family? Of my great grandparents’ five children, this is the only name that cannot be traced to a family member or a friend of the family. Alas, this is another mystery that hopefully can be solved at some time in the future.<br />
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<h3>
Conclusion</h3>
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Of the four autosomal services, I would have to say that 23andMe has the best analysis and it lines up closely with my known ancestry. It is the only service that drills down to the sub-regional populations and gives you the opportunity to speculate or be conservative about the analysis. It is also the only service that provides a chromosomal analysis. With the current price at $99, if you are looking for an inexpensive ancestral analysis, 23andMe is the route to consider. Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com19tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-70969927453528737992013-01-30T11:18:00.000-05:002013-01-30T21:24:54.618-05:00Book Review: The Surnames HandbookI’ve never met Debbie Kennett, but I feel that I have personally known her for several years. My first encounter with the author of <i>The Surnames Handbook: A Guide to Family Name Research in the 21st Century</i> came after I joined the Guild of One-Name Studies in 2011. Her helpful responses to me and others on the Guild’s list and related Facebook pages specifically helped me in the direction of pursing my own one-name study. Much of the advice that she personally offered is now available in book form from The History Press. <br />
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Frankly, I don’t know how she does it, but with her activity with the Guild as well as participating online with the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG), conducting her own her own one-name study (ONS), and managing a number of DNA projects – I am impressed that she has the time to write such a thorough volume. I imagine that the old adage rings true, “If you want something done, ask a busy person.” <br />
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While this edition deals primarily with surname research in the British Isles, it is very thorough in this undertaking; however, where she can provide information for research in other geographic regions, Debbie has added these data to the book. Being that my own ONS is traced back to England, I found this book and her advice extremely helpful. <br />
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The book sets the stage with a forward written by Derek Palgrave who is president of the Guild of One-Name Studies. Debbie then jumps head first into providing the necessary definitions – including one that would be specifically helpful for American audiences who may not be able to discern differences between Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and the British Isles. Her definitions on surnames and forenames also set the stage for what follows. <br />
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The book contains ten chapters of narrative. Although each provides extensive information, they are written in a style that can be easily understood by the average reader – an attribute that is not always found in other volumes dealing with similar subject matter. Despite an intense amount of research that has contributed to <i>The Surnames Handbook</i>, the book transcends the theoretical realm and contains a very practical approach. Anyone who is considering surname research – no matter how much experience he or she has with the name of choice – will find something that will contribute to his or her own study. <br />
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Every chapter is complete with Internet URLs that point to specific web sites and databases that will aid in accessing additional specific information. Seven appendices at the end of the book provide innumerable Internet resources for further study. While I purchased the print version from Amazon.com, I would recommend a digital copy to get the full and immediate effect of these online resources.<br />
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The ten chapters are as follows:<br />
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<blockquote>
1. The History of Surnames<br />
2. The Classification of Surnames<br />
3. Variants and Deviants<br />
4. Surname Mapping <br />
5. Surname Frequency<br />
6. Has it Been Done Before?<br />
7. Laying the Foundations: the Key Datasets<br />
8. Surname Origins: Pre-1600 Resources<br />
9. DNA and Surnames<br />
10. One-Name Studies</blockquote>
From the very first chapter, I learned something new. Her Surname Origins chapter provided me information about Lay Subsidies that helped me develop a new theory concerning my own surname’s source, as I was able to find similar names in the areas where my name had ramified. I am currently doing additional research regarding this theory. <br />
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While she draws from her own research and the Cruwys ONS, she does not limit her illustrations to her own experiences. Aptly, Debbie incorporates examples from others’ research in tracing a surname. In her final chapter, she provides an in-depth case study of her own ONS. I find it helpful to envision what others have accomplished in determining what may contribute to my own research. <br />
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The biggest surprise was that Debbie began her own ONS in 2002. From the depth of her knowledge and her constant and helpful advice, both inside and outside this work, I would have assumed that she had been researching surnames for several decades. Her writing exudes her passion for surname research. <br />
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With this book, you will gain practical knowledge of the following: the development of surnames, the differences between surname variants and deviants, how to map your surname and compute its frequency, where to research the surname in the medieval period, how to conduct a related DNA study, and how to proceed with a one-name study. <br />
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As previously mentioned, <i>The Surnames Handbook: A Guide to Family Name Research in the 21st Century</i> provides several appendices at the end of the book. These invaluable resources are as follows:<br />
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<blockquote>
A. Genealogy Websites<br />
B. Surname Websites<br />
C. Lay Subsidy Rolls<br />
D. Organisations and Journals<br />
E. Linguistic Resources<br />
F. Place-Name Resources<br />
G. Population Statistics</blockquote>
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If you are considering studying a particular surname – especially if that surname originated in the British Isles, you would be remiss by not having this important volume as part of your library. I highly recommend <i>The Surnames Handbook: A Guide to Family Name Research in the 21st Century</i>.Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-37207639984643907312012-11-21T11:13:00.002-05:002017-11-22T00:27:15.246-05:00Phasing the X-Chromosome<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSbWOt_IcQJ9muWLNxLrTvHTXfp_cidZPji8CokBbLQ7uTT49toxGDC58fLmKXDTJkSTNSOkQuCrVntWzThwut-v4GgWQZ3ySvDQHtzWIRUKjCDvIzrnKyTAEabN__rdTv6y98w-JTW7S9/s1600/phasex02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSbWOt_IcQJ9muWLNxLrTvHTXfp_cidZPji8CokBbLQ7uTT49toxGDC58fLmKXDTJkSTNSOkQuCrVntWzThwut-v4GgWQZ3ySvDQHtzWIRUKjCDvIzrnKyTAEabN__rdTv6y98w-JTW7S9/s320/phasex02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Understanding the transmission of most human DNA is fairly straightforward. Y-DNA is transmitted from father to son and follows a patrilineal descent equated with a man’s surname lineage. Only males have Y-DNA and they can only pass it on to their sons. Mitochondrial (mtDNA) is the exact opposite and is passed from mother to child. It follows a matrilineal descent – great-grandmother to grandmother to mother to child. While men receive mtDNA, they cannot pass it to their children. Only women can pass mtDNA.<br />
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A third type of DNA is autosomal DNA. It is passed from the 22 pairs of autosomes that we as humans have. For each pair, one chromosome comes from our mother and one from our father. The chromosomes we receive from our parents are also combinations of the chromosomes passed from our grandparents. All of our ancestors, to a point, contribute to our autosomal DNA. <br />
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Finally, there is X-chromosomal DNA. Contrary to popular belief that it was named after its X shape when two X-chromosomes appear together, the 22 autosomes also appear roughly “X” shaped during mitosis and therefore there was nothing unique about its appearance. Hermann Henking named the chromosome the X element because of its unique properties. The “X” designation has been applied to other items with unique or unknown properties such as X in algebra, X-rays, and Planet X (Pluto).<br />
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<h3>
X Inheritance Patterns</h3>
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The X-chromosome, however, has a bit of mystery to its transmission. While it is not difficult to understand, it takes time to explain the unique ancestry that contributes to an X-chromosome. Additionally, the X ancestry for women is different than for men adding to its mystique. <br />
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Men only receive one X-chromosome as they receive a Y-chromosome from their father which in turn determines their gender as a male. Men inherit their X-chromosome from their mother. It is possible that a man may inherit his X as one of his mother’s two X-chromosomes completely intact; however, it is more likely he will receive a recombined X that includes segments from each of his mother’s two Xs. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDpHIsOUMGeocnyHxzzPFD48i4hQit-Lb5Wv_0Qbc1RSIUiutWdjcDpV0i-tes3JL6UugsSDQOOpap8XMkrcKUT6l4JSE2FQwK2XOUpHmq3qUQ3mDUDaOe34HuOV5Fc_nuM20Of5S_Yenu/s1600/X-inheritance-male.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDpHIsOUMGeocnyHxzzPFD48i4hQit-Lb5Wv_0Qbc1RSIUiutWdjcDpV0i-tes3JL6UugsSDQOOpap8XMkrcKUT6l4JSE2FQwK2XOUpHmq3qUQ3mDUDaOe34HuOV5Fc_nuM20Of5S_Yenu/s1600/X-inheritance-male.jpg" /></a></div>
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Since women receive two X-chromosomes, they inherit these from each parent. The one received from a woman’s mother is transmitted the same way as a man receives his X-chromosome. The other X-chromosome transmitted intact from a woman’s father. This comes from his mother and may be an intact chromosome or a recombined X transmitted to him from his mother.<br />
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To get a clearer picture on the overall inheritance patterns of the X-chromosome for men and women, I recommend two blog posts by Dr. Blaine T. Bettinger: <a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/2008/12/21/unlocking-the-genealogical-secrets-of-the-x-chromosome/">Unlocking the Genealogical Secrets of the X Chromosome</a> and <a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/2009/01/12/more-x-chromosome-charts/">More X-Chromosome Charts</a>.<br />
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<h3>
My Specific X-Chromosome Issues</h3>
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My interest in the X-chromosome transmission is based on the lack of matching X segments I have with my two brothers. In fact, the amount of 14.7cM on one segment on the X that I share with my oldest brother is rather insignificant by comparison to others in my family. My other brother and I share 45.9cM over two segments. My two brothers share quite a bit with each other on the X with 142.2cM across three segments.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmz9gUteEjlgC_Ct_nagEQa5VuS7ON2oMaQF8LyRQg2T8OntVw4QRi8v0zzY4axU7NYIHDWDnMeiwbfh2gJsLdsC6LcBnzjyxeQHN00W5eMQF5G8HWjucg-tNcUoxV-aM2cABhd1Ae3_2S/s1600/brothers-x.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmz9gUteEjlgC_Ct_nagEQa5VuS7ON2oMaQF8LyRQg2T8OntVw4QRi8v0zzY4axU7NYIHDWDnMeiwbfh2gJsLdsC6LcBnzjyxeQHN00W5eMQF5G8HWjucg-tNcUoxV-aM2cABhd1Ae3_2S/s1600/brothers-x.jpg" /></a></div>
To add to this disparity, I share more with my two first cousins than I do with my oldest brother on the X: 44.7cM over two segments with one and 102.9cM across two segments with the other. Even larger than these shares, my family has two second cousins who share 122cM on one segment. The grandmothers of these two second cousins were sisters. <br />
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<h3>
Others’ Experiences</h3>
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I was curious about this inequality and I asked individuals to post on 23andMe’s Community Forum their total matches on the X-chromosome with known relatives; however, some exceptions needed to occur as parent/children relationships will share 100% on an X-chromosome, a paternal grandmother and granddaughters will share 100% on an X-chromosome, and sisters and paternal half-sisters will share an exact copy of their father’s X-chromosome. Obviously, these numbers would skew the results somewhat and do not represent an unknown quantity. <br />
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While I won’t list all of the results here, I will list relationships where at least five matches were documented. The lower and higher ranges, as well as the central tendencies of mean and median, are represented in centimorgans (cM). <br />
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<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><th align="left">Relationship</th><th align="center">Number</th><th align="center"> Low</th><th align="center"> High</th><th align="center"> Mean</th><th align="center"> Median</th></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td>Sibling*</td><td align="right">34</td><td align="right">14.7</td><td align="right">182.8</td><td align="right">98.9</td><td align="right">97.9</td></tr>
<tr><td>Grandparent</td><td align="right">14</td><td align="right">38.1</td><td align="right">170.0</td><td align="right">91.1</td><td align="right">77.5</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td>Avuncular</td><td align="right">53</td><td align="right">10.0</td><td align="right">201.0</td><td align="right">92.1</td><td align="right">83.6</td></tr>
<tr><td>Great Avuncular</td><td align="right">9</td><td align="right">11.0</td><td align="right">178.0</td><td align="right">41.5</td><td align="right">26.1</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td>First Cousin</td><td align="right">23</td><td align="right">16.0</td><td align="right">135.2</td><td align="right">66.4</td><td align="right">61.4</td></tr>
<tr><td>First Cousin, Once Removed</td><td align="right">21</td><td align="right">11.1</td><td align="right">196.0</td><td align="right">63.9</td><td align="right">56.3</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td>Second Cousin</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">17.0</td><td align="right">122.0</td><td align="right">50.7</td><td align="right">43.4</td></tr>
<tr><td>First Cousin, Twice Removed</td><td align="right">9</td><td align="right">7.1</td><td align="right">83.8</td><td align="right">18.0</td><td align="right">31.9</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td>Second Cousin, Once Removed</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">15.9</td><td align="right">47.3</td><td align="right">24.9</td><td align="right">17.2</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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*full brothers, full brother/sister, maternal half-brothers, and maternal half sisters.<br />
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The numbers are probably skewing higher, as I discounted all non-matches. This was done because I could not verify if the given relationship fell within X-chromosome inheritance patterns. For example, a male subject may have listed a second cousin relationship as 0cM without realizing that a male’s paternal second cousins do not share genetic material on the X. <br />
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This exercise revealed that it is difficult to ascertain a relationship on the amount shared via the X-chromosome, as the numbers were across the board. Part of the inequality may be attributed to daughters receiving an intact X from their fathers. Without recombination during these transmissions, larger segments of X-DNA will be inherited across generations.<br />
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In my family, a sibling match of 14.7cM was the lowest of the observed sibling pairs; as mentioned earlier, this was between me and my oldest brother. The aforementioned second cousin match in our family at 122.0cM is the highest reported for that relationship. <br />
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<h3>
Phasing My X-Chromosome</h3>
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Since spring 2010 when my results and those of my siblings were returned, I have been immensely curious on why I share so little on the X-chromosome with either of my brothers. In addition, Ancestry Finder lists my oldest brother (Chuck) as having three matches on the X. Two of those matches exceed the amount we share (20.6cM and 26.6cM). My brother John also has three matches – two of those match Chuck’s shares and one is unique. Unfortunately, I have no X matches in Ancestry Finder. <br />
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As I ruminated on the results, I began to realize that recombination of my mother’s two X-chromosomes dealt Chuck and me X-DNA from divergent maternal grandparents. The question was who inherited from whom? My mother's parents and siblings, which would help in determining this issue, had died decades ago. While I have five living first cousins on my mother’s side, three were adopted.<br />
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Of the two remaining blood first cousins, I tested Joan first in 2011 – she is the daughter of my mother’s sister Louise. Unfortunately, she could have received her X-DNA from either or both of our grandparents and there was no way to determine the origin of her matching segments. <br />
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Jane, my other blood first cousin, tested in 2012 and she and I had two matching segments totaling 102.9cM. This large match was significant in that she is the daughter of my mother’s oldest brother. Because of this relationship, I could use her results and partially phase our X-chromosome segments to specific grandparents. <br />
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Since she received one X from her father and one X from her mother, the matching segments she had with me, my brothers, and Joan would come only from our maternal grandmother. The X-chromosome that passed from Jane’s dad came solely through our grandmother. This is unlike my mother and my aunt who received an X-chromosome from their mother and an X-chromosome from their father. <br />
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In addition, those areas where Jane matched me but not my brothers indicated that my siblings received their corresponding segments from our maternal grandfather. While I could not satisfactorily phase all of my X-chromosome, over half of it was attributed to my mother’s mother.<br />
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Those areas where we did not match Jane do not indicate that those segments came from my grandfather. If fact when comparing Jane with my mother, they only match on the same segments that Jane matches with me. This indicates that my mother and her brother received different X-DNA from their mother due to X recombination. <br />
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As far as further testing is concerned, there are some second cousins and second cousins, once removed that are descended from my grandmother’s sisters that may shed additional light on the propagation of the X in our family. Finding these individuals and convincing them to test may prove difficult.<br />
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While my grandfather was his mother's only child, his mother had siblings whose descendents should have some matching DNA segments to our family. Shared genetic material with these individuals may further confirm from whence my brothers’ and cousins’ X-DNA originated. In certain cases, tying our X-chromosome segments to a specific great-grandparent may also be possible. <br />
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<h3>
Some Theories</h3>
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Since I can only confirm the originating grandparent of 51% my X-DNA, I tend to believe (but cannot confirm at the present) that my X-chromosome may be an exact copy of my mother’s inherited X from her mother. If this is the case, I would not have inherited any X-DNA from my grandfather. This would also indicate that my brother Chuck’s X-DNA is 97% from our grandfather and only 3% from our grandmother. My brother John would then have 77% of his X-DNA from our grandfather and 23% from our grandmother. <br />
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If my hypothesis is correct, it may suggest why I have no matches on the X-chromosome. With exception of one line which originated in Southern France, my grandmother’s ancestry was German. If one follows her X-chromosome inheritance to its natural genetic conclusion, her X-chromosomes were 100% Germanic in origin. The earliest date for her ancestors immigrating to the US was 1848. <br />
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While my grandfather had a significant German element to his ancestry, his X-inheritance contains Swiss, Scots-Irish, German, and probably English antecedents. To the best of my knowledge, my grandfather’s family appears to have been in America from at least the time of the Revolutionary War. <br />
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Since becoming a 23andMe customer in 2010, I have noticed a dearth of matches to my German lines. Since my mother is roughly 70% German and 12% Swiss, I find that most of her 23andMe matches appear to be related to her English and Scots-Irish ancestries rather than to her German and Swiss roots. <br />
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While I do not have facts and figures for 23andMe’s customer base, it appears that Germans are not among the best represented groups. While Ancestry Finder is not a perfect indicator of ancestral matches, it does allow for some additional conclusions to be drawn. For my mother, Germany ranks third behind the United Kingdom and Netherlands for her matches whose grandparents were born in these countries. I would have assumed that her German matches would have ranked first; however, this was not the case. <br />
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<h3>
Conclusions</h3>
<br />
Despite my theories which remain unconfirmed, I was able to phase a large portion of our family's X-chromosomes to a particular grandparent by comparing our results with a first cousin who was the daughter of a maternal uncle. In the absence of a tested grandparent, a greater number of tested relationships of maternal uncles and female first cousins descended from maternal uncles would aid anyone in phasing his or her maternal X-DNA. Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com17tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-73045404871086691132012-09-27T13:35:00.002-04:002012-09-29T14:22:02.217-04:00A Reunion 78 Years in the Making<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGFwRkXfki9zms0RGugng5uR-oL7ZfqU96EWhv-Ry4w6eEk8mE3JXZW9w0neJU6rplPXCxrPaZGPDMiBx9oYwB2cB3Atczm5inusPFc5-v3n8oGV9oUkhMA3jrod-hzRgf3KLa0AApM3yc/s1600/reunion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGFwRkXfki9zms0RGugng5uR-oL7ZfqU96EWhv-Ry4w6eEk8mE3JXZW9w0neJU6rplPXCxrPaZGPDMiBx9oYwB2cB3Atczm5inusPFc5-v3n8oGV9oUkhMA3jrod-hzRgf3KLa0AApM3yc/s1600/reunion.jpg" /></a></div>
Several years following my Uncle Walt’s death in 1980, my mother tasked me with the mission of finding his oldest child – my first cousin Jane. I had heard about her and that no one in our family had seen her since the 1930s. The story of her parents, Walter and Kathleen, was a tale of two lovers and a tragedy that caused their separation from each other with no fault of either party. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Zhf8dxH6gwIiEqPJ6Bcy9L5jhnRBTIpFIfbE81UMi6SFtHJuMih_SZDqrG8biLIX1P4dRhkfgfXIGat7P-4NB1imdW2ZGzFtbLUOQ8nWRQsEm3ZQuqSEd2ynPxSQ4gYMuqPQroIj1jVN/s1600/reunion-walter%2526kathleen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Zhf8dxH6gwIiEqPJ6Bcy9L5jhnRBTIpFIfbE81UMi6SFtHJuMih_SZDqrG8biLIX1P4dRhkfgfXIGat7P-4NB1imdW2ZGzFtbLUOQ8nWRQsEm3ZQuqSEd2ynPxSQ4gYMuqPQroIj1jVN/s1600/reunion-walter%2526kathleen.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Walter later in life (circa 1940) and Kathleen in 1929 as a high school senior.</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
They were married in Wellsburg, West Virginia on May 16, 1930 and over 2 years later, their daughter Jane was born. In short time, the Great Depression had taken its toll, Walter was unemployed with no prospects for work, and at the request of family members, it was suggested that the two divorce. Reluctantly, they did. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMfJWnWeuKiUejPutMcsdC66bJd6Y4DUIEh4DiNnpGp7FplELJyQFM9q3UhyphenhyphenJmBBDUMiANVasKNB9ZBIBsulqinIotIyHhPu9H9hAWM51Er3Lh1VPr3Q6RAQZP3PqglYpJ5pNASpFOxFZx/s1600/reunion-bible.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMfJWnWeuKiUejPutMcsdC66bJd6Y4DUIEh4DiNnpGp7FplELJyQFM9q3UhyphenhyphenJmBBDUMiANVasKNB9ZBIBsulqinIotIyHhPu9H9hAWM51Er3Lh1VPr3Q6RAQZP3PqglYpJ5pNASpFOxFZx/s1600/reunion-bible.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A page from my grandmother's bible.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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When Kathleen later remarried, she asked Walter to sign over Jane to be raised by Kathleen’s new husband Ron. He agreed and Jane was raised with the Miller surname of her new father. Walter too remarried and had a son, William Martin Brakeall. Bill was a successful Navy helicopter pilot. Having survived being shot down in Vietnam during his two tours of duty, he was killed in a freak helicopter explosion over Springfield, Missouri in 1971. The tragedy occurred just days prior to his planned discharge from the Navy. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitnAI2eqcDw22TZDQjKT1xWLZOba8f_9zEXvBNwWjH_CsVf0fJzsADX0kzx8QvHAWjCNr_qgWqAVSn75tBRRkshChThgWIctrAIPWoLQhoA8QJ5PS6JbzhOKPnrQfEEJOlCpIgNJUZw82t/s1600/reunion-bill.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitnAI2eqcDw22TZDQjKT1xWLZOba8f_9zEXvBNwWjH_CsVf0fJzsADX0kzx8QvHAWjCNr_qgWqAVSn75tBRRkshChThgWIctrAIPWoLQhoA8QJ5PS6JbzhOKPnrQfEEJOlCpIgNJUZw82t/s1600/reunion-bill.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bill Brakeall graduating from Naval Officer's Training</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
According to Jane, “Growing up I knew that I had been adopted by my dad, Ron Miller, but I knew nothing about my biological family other than the surname, Brakeall. In 1972, Mom and I traveled to McKeesport to attend Jane Randolph's funeral. Mrs. Randolph was a dear friend for who I am named, i.e. Jane Randolph Miller Boyce. While I was there, the funeral director gave me a note from Louise [Walter’s sister]. She asked me to call her and gave me the number. I called that evening and we had a nice chat wherein I told her about my life, my husband, my children, our home in Florida, and I suppose a lot more.”<br />
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She continued, “In 1980, someone gave my mother a copy of the Walter Brakeall obit and she passed it on to me. The obit mentioned my half-brother, Bill. That was the first time that I knew that my biological father had another child. (It also gave his [Walter’s] address that was only a few miles from our home in Florida during the sixties and early seventies. I have often wondered why he never took the time to contact me. Maybe Louise never told him about our conversation.)”<br />
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It is likely, for whatever reason, my Aunt Louise never told anyone about talking to Jane. She and my mother were not only sisters, but best friends. It was not unusual for us to see Aunt Louise daily as she stopped by our home after work nearly every day. We often visited her home on Saturdays and we sat in the same pew every Sunday at church. They were confidants and they often shared information with each other that they never shared with anyone else. <br />
<br />
Apparently, Jane’s conversation was a piece of information that Aunt Louise took with her to the grave. My mother was never aware of it and neither was Aunt Louise’s only child, my cousin Joan. So, it is likely that she never shared this tidbit with her older brother Walt. There may be reasons for that as well. <br />
<br />
The conversation with Jane occurred less than a year after Bill’s death; and perhaps to give him time to grieve, she never mentioned it. In addition, Aunt Lou, Uncle Walt’s second wife, was a fiercely jealous woman and would have not have welcomed any contact with his former family. It is likely then that Aunt Louise never told anyone. Unaware of this important but hidden piece of information, I trudged on with my search.
<br />
<br />
Over the years, I had attempted to find Jane or her mother. We knew of the Miller surname, but not Kathleen’s husband’s first name of Ron. We were also misinformed that Jane’s dad was a dentist – he was not. That sent me on some wild goose chases. There also was the uncertainty during this time whether Kathleen and Jane were even still living. I had assumed that due to Kathleen’s age that she probably had died, but she hadn’t. <br />
<br />
Since Miller is the seventh most popular name in the US, this made the prospect of finding Jane a near impossibility. Add to this the great possibility that Jane was probably married and her married name could be anything. It was the proverbial needle in the haystack. <br />
<br />
When I first got access to the Internet in 1995, I thought this new technology would probably be my only vehicle in finding Jane. All through the subsequent years, my mother encouraged me to look for Jane, as she would like to see her again. She was probably two years old when my mother last saw her niece. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdyAUUEX6RZXPugP6TLZkZNgL149Krn2K9Wc5NtyQ3A8EfnqPWKNl_MsG7PIQnGSc8ibLNGR-LlPdpYd2NzNMHe13YRdMXUM7w-LYcPQJL0dfXg_vSO5TapOPPjEgTOevNRihA7CeGr3DY/s1600/reunion-jane-baby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdyAUUEX6RZXPugP6TLZkZNgL149Krn2K9Wc5NtyQ3A8EfnqPWKNl_MsG7PIQnGSc8ibLNGR-LlPdpYd2NzNMHe13YRdMXUM7w-LYcPQJL0dfXg_vSO5TapOPPjEgTOevNRihA7CeGr3DY/s1600/reunion-jane-baby.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jane as a baby with her grandfather and great-grandmother Brakeall</td></tr>
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Over the years I used the various search engines and genealogy sites to make a connection; however, nothing even close emerged. In 2008, however, the tide began to turn. Florida’s death records were indexed on Ancestry.com and I found Jane’s maternal grandparents in the listing. <br />
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I sent away for the death record of Jane’s grandmother; however, no new information was gathered from it, the cemetery, or the funeral home. All listed Kathleen Miller as the next of kin, however, I could not find any current reference to a Kathleen Miller in the area that proved to be her.<br />
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My mother thought that Jane had grown up in Connellsville, Pennsylvania; however, she was only born there. Misinformed, I visited the Connellsville library in June 2008 and searched the high school yearbooks for a Jane Miller – nada. I also perused the city directories for a dentist named Miller – no hits on that one either. I felt I was no closer to finding Jane; however, that would quickly change. <br />
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On August 12, 2008, I logged onto Ancestry.com and was filling in details for my family tree. While I was adding the various hints for my Uncle Walt, I found a family tree hint – you know one of those “leaves” that Ancestry advertises. Intrigued on who might have him listed on a personal tree, I found the missing link. The other Ancestry subscriber’s tree had a child listed under Walter Brakeall and Kathleen Graffious. This child’s information was blocked because she was living. It also showed a blocked husband and two children.<br />
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Typically, I am suspect of personal family trees as many are riddled with misinformation. One tree I encountered had my sister-in-law married to my great-grandfather. This was interesting as she was born 30 years after his death. This new listing, however, was the real deal. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjf-IW6o8UzD4KK739jWeVQvUHy-g0XNy1HTezjkmEttYTTupFa5A0jB4FqAZ78OCsqO1CciyCM29ai8oWns9CY1lctVW2LK6M1vKje0zAzs171oXunD9DyXMvp6eIgvBtYel9bzwc5KoO/s1600/reunion-jim-paul.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjf-IW6o8UzD4KK739jWeVQvUHy-g0XNy1HTezjkmEttYTTupFa5A0jB4FqAZ78OCsqO1CciyCM29ai8oWns9CY1lctVW2LK6M1vKje0zAzs171oXunD9DyXMvp6eIgvBtYel9bzwc5KoO/s1600/reunion-jim-paul.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jim and Paul; September 13, 2012</td></tr>
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I immediately emailed the owner of the tree and she explained that Jane’s husband Paul had written a booklet on their families and she would send me the relevant pages. She apparently received this from a relative of Jane’s that had received it directly from Paul. <br />
<br />
My copy arrived in the mail in a few days later and I was able to ascertain Jane’s and Paul’s address. I felt that for this introduction a telephone call would be too abrupt for a first encounter, so I wrote Jane a letter. I was able to go into some detail and would give her the opportunity to ruminate on the information. If she called, then she was interested. If not, we at least knew that she was well and had raised a family. <br />
<br />
It was a few days later and I arrived home one evening after teaching class. I was met at the door by my wife Pam who had a horrified look on her face. “You’re going to kill me,” she said. “You know that cousin of yours you’ve been trying to find? Well, she called tonight and I thought she was one of those political telemarketers and I let her have it for calling after 9 PM.” She explained that when she found out it was Jane that she apologized “six ways to Sunday” about the misunderstanding. She was right; I was ready to kill her right then and there.<br />
<br />
Being that it was the 2008 election year and my wife and I do not share the same political affiliations, we were besieged by representatives of both parties and by numerous political action committees about who we were going to support. Some of these calls violated FTC regulations regarding when such calls could be made. The cutoff was 9:00 PM local time and frequently when we received calls after that, I would remind these callers that they were violating a federal telemarketing statute. Pam’s reaction was learned behavior from me.<br />
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Jane’s husband Paul reminded me of this recently and said that Jane being “rebuffed, decided not to call again. I don't know what happened on your end, but within a few minutes you called back and the rest is history. I can't help thinking that could have been the end of it. Jane probably would not have called again.”<br />
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With my tail between my legs, I called Jane and apologized profusely. She graciously accepted the apology and we had a wonderful conversation. She told me what she knew about the family; and from that point, I corresponded with Jane and Paul – frequently speaking to Paul on the phone about his research on Jane’s newfound family. Finding Jane was a great birthday present for my mother who was turning 90 in just a few days. I shared this information with our mutual first cousin Joan and she too began corresponding with Jane.<br />
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Jane’s mother, albeit in her late 90s, was still living at the time. Unfortunately, she would not be a source of any additional information. According to Jane, “It’s strange, and I have no explanation for it, but my mother never talked to me about her first marriage, so I essentially was in the dark about it until only recently. Even after my contact with you she evaded questions about her marriage.” Kathleen passed away in 2010.
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<br />
While Jane and Paul wanted to come back to the Pennsylvania to visit, that did not get to happen until two weeks ago. My cousin Joan coordinated a lunch gathering at a local restaurant and it was followed by a small get-together at Joan’s home. Paul, by the way, had enlarged his family history into much expanded volume and had brought a copy for us to peruse. His research and layout was impressive. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4viiitrnK01F3U2SDyjXDh_8E8Fd51dzj7MhDfF7gRjv1_gUHZlBhgVlSGHxLoPwLWyx3U_vWGNppycXbtXe0DaE8a486WABAyDvzGe5PS894cBG9xyNqQ_pjf-BvNKnL4MiUjbE-Sucz/s1600/reunion-jane-gen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4viiitrnK01F3U2SDyjXDh_8E8Fd51dzj7MhDfF7gRjv1_gUHZlBhgVlSGHxLoPwLWyx3U_vWGNppycXbtXe0DaE8a486WABAyDvzGe5PS894cBG9xyNqQ_pjf-BvNKnL4MiUjbE-Sucz/s1600/reunion-jane-gen.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jane and my mother, September 13, 2012</td></tr>
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My 94 year old mother finally got to see her oldest niece – 78 years later. In addition to Jane, Paul, my mom, me, and Joan; the event was attended by another first cousin, Nancy; my brother Chuck; and Joan’s daughter Kathy. Children from all four Brakeall siblings that attained adulthood were present. It was a wonderful event and it was like Jane had been among us all of her life. She and Paul fit in well with our crazy bunch. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpf9kpbFrGpYHPsnVSfXY9yvDPU2DhjWzXQ2NFX-bseqD4EWpL5KFkk6RsWhONuxKIMX6Z-V9mOfoXQHKj5-EIeyrCUDhQ-lGZDOCEcp2jLNSM_6wjeUH7G_MVHcUTpooxjlbFxNrMbBVa/s1600/reunion-group.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpf9kpbFrGpYHPsnVSfXY9yvDPU2DhjWzXQ2NFX-bseqD4EWpL5KFkk6RsWhONuxKIMX6Z-V9mOfoXQHKj5-EIeyrCUDhQ-lGZDOCEcp2jLNSM_6wjeUH7G_MVHcUTpooxjlbFxNrMbBVa/s1600/reunion-group.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nancy, Joan, Jim, Genevieve, Kathy, Jane, & Chuck</td></tr>
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You can tell we are family, as at times the topics turned to those two forbidden subjects of religion and politics, yet no one got angry – that’s family. Meeting Jane was one of those items on my mother’s and my own bucket lists. At our meeting, Jane thanked me for writing that letter. The reunion was the highlight to my year. What once was a mission impossible became a mission accomplished. <br />
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<br />Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-52358337803403448432012-09-22T11:10:00.000-04:002012-09-25T13:48:27.778-04:00Death Styles of the Rich and Famous<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtxe8TZbFbSZ4y6vu8Nv8KoZVPLDnOrfiTTcbehj-MHoa8_qAMm0DEZ5kP0I5fSkc6BuztmgjiXCauyVQA51cvIt9bRgyKM2K_4pvIJOHmwnyQlN5vfVVvEdHwIJM9LxQMaDE3tNWJL5ml/s1600/deathstyles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtxe8TZbFbSZ4y6vu8Nv8KoZVPLDnOrfiTTcbehj-MHoa8_qAMm0DEZ5kP0I5fSkc6BuztmgjiXCauyVQA51cvIt9bRgyKM2K_4pvIJOHmwnyQlN5vfVVvEdHwIJM9LxQMaDE3tNWJL5ml/s1600/deathstyles.jpg" /></a></div>
Those who know me well realize that I’ve spent a great deal of time in cemeteries. While it’s hardly a record, I’ve been to cemeteries in 77 locations in 12 states. Offhand, I cannot tell you how many I’ve visited as many of those aforementioned locations had several of these resting places. Since I’ve done much of my cemetery research in Pennsylvania, some of the towns where I’ve researched grave markers had quite a few cemeteries. <br />
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One of my favorite locations is Homewood at the edge of the Squirrel Hill section of Pittsburgh. It’s rolling hills and pastoral setting is a perfect backdrop for some of the more interesting monuments and mausoleums in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. <br />
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<h3>
Stimmel</h3>
While taking a leisurely drive through Homewood Cemetery last Friday, I rounded a corner and a stream of yellow light caught my eye. I backed up my car and noticed that it was the stained glass in a mausoleum. I parked and grabbed my camera to snap one of the most interesting examples of stained glass I’ve ever seen. <br />
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I’ve been aware that some mausoleums had stained glass windows, but never paid any attention to these works of art. I decided to look at several examples of (cue the Robin Leach impersonation) the “Death Styles of the Rich and Famous.” All but one of the following examples come from Homewood Cemetery. These are typically located on the rear wall, but several also have side windows as well.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVPjhJaOj2yfDxkfxiu6_w7jmoCmo36vg9TrvgFyrK1DxNs4kNWKRrVoUm9S68pL52bV-tcmq2TRBksbuoSuqCu-u5T9-p7jKyzzSjersCy8bZ1UbNeaC7df7DBOyWVfEXXHt1l2NWBDIT/s1600/window_stimmel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVPjhJaOj2yfDxkfxiu6_w7jmoCmo36vg9TrvgFyrK1DxNs4kNWKRrVoUm9S68pL52bV-tcmq2TRBksbuoSuqCu-u5T9-p7jKyzzSjersCy8bZ1UbNeaC7df7DBOyWVfEXXHt1l2NWBDIT/s1600/window_stimmel.jpg" /></a></div>
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This first example is the one that started the idea of this series and remains my favorite memorial glass art. From a simple mausoleum with an Egyptian motif, this picture of Cleopatra is truly amazing. It is in surprisingly good shape with the exception of the flaking of the brown paint in the headdress and the fading of the colors around the bars that protect the window. <br />
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This is from the tomb of the William S. Stimmel family. Stimmel was the manager of the John Hancock Insurance office in Pittsburgh. Stimmel was also an art collector and it is only fitting that one of the more beautiful examples of funerary art was found in his final resting place. <br />
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<h3>
Larendon</h3>
The Stimmel glass was not the first I had photographed – that distinction belongs to a window in historic Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans. I spied the monument for Laure Beauregard Larendon and its circle of stained glass during a visit to the cemetery in July 2012. This particular glass is unusual because it was open on both sides and was not inside of a mausoleum. <br />
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This beautiful design also includes nine cut glass jeweled inserts. The monument and window were commissioned by Laure Larendon’s famous father Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, the Confederate General. Her husband was Colonel Charles A. Larendon of South Carolina. <br />
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<h3>
Worthington</h3>
Typical of many windows are simplistic geometric designs. I like this one as the border reminds me of a Persian rug and the pastel glass in the center is similar to Amish hex signs. This window is found in the family crypt for Edward Worthington, Jr. Worthington was the assistant auditor for the Penn Oil Company. <br />
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<h3>
Steel</h3>
In the tomb of oil magnate John A. Steel, four members of this family – husband, wife, son, and mother-in-law are bathed in the serene light of this pastoral scene. Notice the detail of the white and purple lilies in the lower left corner. The location of this mausoleum is in one of the higher elevations of the cemetery and its interior is one of the more pristine I’ve seen.<br />
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<h3>
Young</h3>
This cannot be said of the Young tomb which was erected in 1907. Although the external façade is beautiful, the window shows damage. Notice that one of the pieces of glass is missing, another has slipped from of its associated lead came, and a third is broken and missing a piece. I tend to believe that the face of the angel probably that of the patriarch of the family. Note that the flesh tone of the neck is nearly gone and beginning to flake off on the face. <br />
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Because of the broken glass, water inside the structure has allowed mold and mildew to accumulate on the window. This is the worst example that I have in this series and I’ve only included it to show what could happen when one of these works of art are damaged. This tomb is the final resting place of the Andrew Gray Young and his family. Young was a traffic manager in the steel industry and the tomb was constructed following the death of his daughter Agnes Gray Young. <br />
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<h3>
Cheswright</h3>
Another pastoral scene is found in James W. Cheswright’s mausoleum. The sun was directly hitting the top left portion of the window, so it appears washed out. This window is not without some damage as the lowest blue pane is cracked at it appears that it was hit by a hailstone in the past. There may also be some cracks in the orange colored glass as well. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6AC7jbf-q__L0p8-e09hBGzc4_f75b1GNK02gHb3kZqLaPuog2sLkrW-GFnCEAUx3H0WMIpUn5YELGxkUXhSy4VeugD7ZgmKKaarqO8uEokvDxuC-r0cpxK5uE-4kQjY7qz8pltmaShyphenhyphenz/s1600/window_cheswrigth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6AC7jbf-q__L0p8-e09hBGzc4_f75b1GNK02gHb3kZqLaPuog2sLkrW-GFnCEAUx3H0WMIpUn5YELGxkUXhSy4VeugD7ZgmKKaarqO8uEokvDxuC-r0cpxK5uE-4kQjY7qz8pltmaShyphenhyphenz/s1600/window_cheswrigth.jpg" /></a></div>
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There is also dirt and cobwebs that one might expect. In addition, the front glass doors were very dirty with mold on the inside indicating that there was some water seepage in this structure over its lifetime. Its owner was an officer in the North American Savings Company. <br />
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<h3>
Reighard</h3>
David P. Reighard’s mausoleum has a traditional funerary design with the lilies of the valley. This was shot with direct sunlight that shows a shadow of the grating on the outside of the window used to protect the window and prevent access to the interior.
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBA51PeKfDuNm74yfwO8whh5QbI3Q6wNvjvuDLQPfsj5nXHRTUbUfsN3kqbvnOBXDGsDqbXfLlrPTDObxWcPnoSvDTSskir8d3UeDdiqve6md1UjJArXmYOREsVJD9MUeYisnYmzNhOSVY/s1600/window_reighard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBA51PeKfDuNm74yfwO8whh5QbI3Q6wNvjvuDLQPfsj5nXHRTUbUfsN3kqbvnOBXDGsDqbXfLlrPTDObxWcPnoSvDTSskir8d3UeDdiqve6md1UjJArXmYOREsVJD9MUeYisnYmzNhOSVY/s1600/window_reighard.jpg" /></a></div>
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Reighard’s primary business concern was in oil; however, he also held interest in Duquesne Light Company, the Pittsburgh and Allegheny Telephone Company, and Central Bank of Pittsburgh.<br />
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<h3>
Kress</h3>
The Frederick J. Kress family lies in state in a modern styled mausoleum which is on the Dallas Avenue side of the cemetery. Unlike the other monuments I perused, its window was of a different size than others.
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5M2OL5TZj4_y0C6NYtWgTzagHEtv_VulqnHudMBVReaA6MhffzoQQBuoqS4WJod8GN2OImWD_q-AkPbSK6hGAEz6s_XxmA9Bo_HuwegtZwJM2t3roN2MjjnVBMtr7WTz4d4NdUNydHLk3/s1600/window_kress.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5M2OL5TZj4_y0C6NYtWgTzagHEtv_VulqnHudMBVReaA6MhffzoQQBuoqS4WJod8GN2OImWD_q-AkPbSK6hGAEz6s_XxmA9Bo_HuwegtZwJM2t3roN2MjjnVBMtr7WTz4d4NdUNydHLk3/s1600/window_kress.jpg" /></a></div>
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This window is a fairly standard Christian design of a cross and a crown that might be found in a church building. Its vibrant colors and geometric designs are elegant.<br />
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<h3>
Heinz</h3>
Shaped much like the Rotunda at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, the Henry J. Heinz (yes that Heinz) mausoleum is a medium sized, but impressive piece of architecture with a Romanesque portal. In the rear of the crypt is a Romanesque window depicting Gabriel holding lilies. <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_8caYn1AD5BMuHFsWuytlC2gyJmjll3JALi8-jjTVHQsLGQaTPkzFH7DTa3zHzQZHPlAywtA3Rt7-vwkhCniPWQjS40sLNwdaheR_9ZiNtc_kQK2xdoFIV6mscOwXOQND9I2UjHsI8r1o/s1600/window_heinz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_8caYn1AD5BMuHFsWuytlC2gyJmjll3JALi8-jjTVHQsLGQaTPkzFH7DTa3zHzQZHPlAywtA3Rt7-vwkhCniPWQjS40sLNwdaheR_9ZiNtc_kQK2xdoFIV6mscOwXOQND9I2UjHsI8r1o/s1600/window_heinz.jpg" /></a></div>
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The colors of this window are muted, but that should not be an interpretation that the quality of the workmanship is lesser in this Old World style window. The Heinz name is synonymous with ketchup and the 57 varieties for which the H.J. Heinz Company was once known to produce. <br />
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<h3>
Mueller</h3>
Unlike the tomb of his brother-in-law Henry J. Heinz, Sebastian Mueller's window's colors were not muted. In addition to his family connection, Mueller was a vice president of the H.J. Heinz company. His mausoleum is found in another section of Homewood Cemetery.<br />
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This Egyptian themed crypt is fronted with a winged sun and impressive columns. The structure is not square, but tapers and has an interesting pediment in an Egyptian style fit for a pharaoh. The window glass depicts the pyramids along the Nile.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYiWHjGXxGTraM72VWyPNiY4KzG9CEYzzWvyoYUepGoJLjbyO6WhXp2oVT2D6WclN-3EZ_Tr6rvSTv8H9nnatXnQfgXcvmVGVG8pK9rwczNvB9S_tIJ_QaE9Eq0Hy1FWrEJA3Grw6-nmWO/s1600/window_mueller.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYiWHjGXxGTraM72VWyPNiY4KzG9CEYzzWvyoYUepGoJLjbyO6WhXp2oVT2D6WclN-3EZ_Tr6rvSTv8H9nnatXnQfgXcvmVGVG8pK9rwczNvB9S_tIJ_QaE9Eq0Hy1FWrEJA3Grw6-nmWO/s1600/window_mueller.jpg" /></a></div>
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While the physical structure of the window was in excellent condition, there appears to be some flaking of the paint on the left side and some outside water stains on the right third of this piece of art. <br />
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<h3>
Benedum</h3>
One of the larger mausoleums in the cemetery is for the Benedum family. Having made his fortune in the oil business, Micheal Late Benedum’s tomb is not only impressive, but it has its own courtyard surrounding the crypt. The Romanesque window depicts a warrior at the end of his journey flanked by the archangel Michael and the messenger angel Gabriel. <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6-PNuSKS93VeCYll5Hrl2HjQZqO3mQ_GeMPSbL1C2UBKTZ4Jv8L3qHfLaaaYaUVfJUDMk4jrx8CC8S06YL4SHMwRQK6TsF9S8T21jBnM8Ky2MhezB0F83XMe5MnV4XxZYxA1na6KSefIg/s1600/window_benedum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6-PNuSKS93VeCYll5Hrl2HjQZqO3mQ_GeMPSbL1C2UBKTZ4Jv8L3qHfLaaaYaUVfJUDMk4jrx8CC8S06YL4SHMwRQK6TsF9S8T21jBnM8Ky2MhezB0F83XMe5MnV4XxZYxA1na6KSefIg/s1600/window_benedum.jpg" /></a></div>
At the bottom of the window, a quote of Mark 10:45 intimates the ministering functions of this family, as the Benedum name in Western Pennsylvania and West Virginia is synonymous with philanthropy. Our university has a Benedum Center – a gift of the Claude Worthington Benedum Foundation. The window is starting to show some damage on some of the darker gray panels. <br />
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<h3>
Opperman</h3>
Finally, our last example may be one of the more expensive windows in Homewood Cemetery. Found in the crypt for the Albert C. Opperman family, it is the only window in this installment that contains a company’s mark. Franz Xavier Zettler of Munich may have been the best known stained glass artisan in Europe during the late 19th and early 20th century. <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFtMkel2aaNbXvYpgfdD3LrYBCPh8xeDbbTiuu2-Wd7ayRA4HGCti-juOOz3-fkt6UVUk1drR_UXDMpCTe2EiQNFGN431Ka165mHPJWkQiZpNL31Bj4zO233YHTry8hM2X3Wn7VZ9bFU0B/s1600/window_artist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFtMkel2aaNbXvYpgfdD3LrYBCPh8xeDbbTiuu2-Wd7ayRA4HGCti-juOOz3-fkt6UVUk1drR_UXDMpCTe2EiQNFGN431Ka165mHPJWkQiZpNL31Bj4zO233YHTry8hM2X3Wn7VZ9bFU0B/s1600/window_artist.jpg" /></a></div>
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Zettler graduated from Munich Art Academy in the 1860s and apprenticed under his father-in-law Joseph Mayer, another well known artist. While any number of artists in Zettler’s firm could have crafted this window, a Zettler window was a prized possession for any structure. While Opperman, who owned a lumber concern, was not one of Pittsburgh’s wealthiest residents, his window is summarily impressive. <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtFc7wUuFDC3GUd5QblkPry1ZomJWXeCOPN0zCTOauGLxK2TiWef1c2e4Bh8JucajbgpnRcS-XcIh-CYKuOnLAGOKK5FfKT7z-BfRnNOO8HxSJmdlmjCpl2qSENyWTmvVD2_gKSuUgdOIk/s1600/window_opperman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtFc7wUuFDC3GUd5QblkPry1ZomJWXeCOPN0zCTOauGLxK2TiWef1c2e4Bh8JucajbgpnRcS-XcIh-CYKuOnLAGOKK5FfKT7z-BfRnNOO8HxSJmdlmjCpl2qSENyWTmvVD2_gKSuUgdOIk/s1600/window_opperman.jpg" /></a></div>
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This scene doesn’t follow typical funerary art in that it depicts a mother with two of her children. The craftsmanship is exquisite. Unfortunately, an urn with a dried arrangement obscures a portion of the window.<br />
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Because these windows are found in mausoleums, their beauty is hidden from the general public. I felt they needed to be revealed. While I did not depict any of the structures, the windows held the hidden beauty for these “Death Styles of the Rich and Famous.” In closing, as Robin Leach would say, “champagne wishes and caviar dreams.” Dreams bathed in elegant colors, that is, until eternity. <br />
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<br />Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-54423558266282484202012-09-05T23:46:00.000-04:002012-09-06T09:52:35.909-04:00Mystery Great (Grandparents That Is)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvO0KZfu7f4fSTy_uxkc880DtiuvDrIVfSlgJOhzAf_RsKWIR3rMgsl0bWQvFgWg3yqgPIfyV3lyVF1n3VfIiXasKNaISWIHMDd4bXuNMa9gFzkGxeSohdBGVSCcn0hImYuzEFPvtH5_dU/s1600/mysterygreat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvO0KZfu7f4fSTy_uxkc880DtiuvDrIVfSlgJOhzAf_RsKWIR3rMgsl0bWQvFgWg3yqgPIfyV3lyVF1n3VfIiXasKNaISWIHMDd4bXuNMa9gFzkGxeSohdBGVSCcn0hImYuzEFPvtH5_dU/s400/mysterygreat.jpg" width="350" /></a></div>
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Those of you of a certain vintage will remember the 1960's Milton Bradley game “Mystery Date.” Obviously, I didn’t play the game, but I was familiar enough with it due to the countless number of commercials aired on television. In fact, I can still sing the first line of the commercial’s song ♫ “Mystery date” ♪ – now, that’s scary. The only other thing I could remember from the ad was the line – “Is he a dream or a dud?”<br />
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What about our “Mystery Greats?” – mystery great-grandparents in all configurations. We all have them and it is humbling experience to see how many there are in a set number of generations. I have taken the challenge of counting the number of my known ancestors. This exercise was inspired by the recent posts from the following blogs: <a href="http://www.legalgenealogist.com/blog/2012/08/18/more-lost-than-found/" target="_blank"> Judy Russell's The Legal Genealogist</a> and <a href="http://helenvsmithresearch.blogspot.com/2012/09/finished-not-me.html" target="_blank">From Helen V. Smith’s Keyboard</a>.<br />
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A number of genealogists have counted their known ancestors up to and including seventh great-grandparents. That’s nine generations with a possible total of 1,022 collective ancestors.<br />
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Some of these individuals are the same due to pedigree collapse; however, with my known ancestry only five from my paternal grandmother’s side and two from my maternal grandmother’s side are counted twice – thus, 14 slots represent the same seven ancestors.<br />
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I know there are other duplicates, but their identities are currently unknown. In addition, two of my maternal grandfather’s Myers lines are related; however, we do not exactly know how. The common ancestors for these two lines are likely my fourth or fifth great grandparents.<br />
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Enough talk, let’s see how I fared.<br />
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<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh38CMNMJpHXQs1zivXxtfN9nAzgihzOk4lFgdj6W2Us8kiqmz_4lkPqPYrTE9RJLMnDiXzTgzGI3-uU6sU13OjI4RHIuCcvH7ZWvKvsT3ArOtoO-ZH200Np7y0m7NJ_u3luc_u5D7JjcHA/s1600/otherbackground2.jpg"><td> <b>Relationship</b> </td><td> <b> Possible </b> </td><td> <b> Known </b> </td><td> <b> Percentage </b> </td></tr>
<tr><td> Parents </td><td align="right"> 2 </td><td align="right"> 2 </td><td align="right"> 100.00% </td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td> Grandparents </td><td align="right"> 4 </td><td align="right"> 4 </td><td align="right"> 100.00% </td></tr>
<tr><td> Great Grandparents </td><td align="right"> 8 </td><td align="right"> 8 </td><td align="right"> 100.00% </td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td> 2nd Great Grandparents </td><td align="right"> 16 </td><td align="right"> 16 </td><td align="right"> 100.00% </td></tr>
<tr><td> 3rd Great Grandparents </td><td align="right"> 32 </td><td align="right"> 28 </td><td align="right"> 87.50% </td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td> 4th Great Grandparents </td><td align="right"> 64 </td><td align="right"> 40 </td><td align="right"> 62.50% </td></tr>
<tr><td> 5th Great Grandparents </td><td align="right"> 128 </td><td align="right"> 57 </td><td align="right"> 44.53% </td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td> 6th Great Grandparents </td><td align="right"> 256 </td><td align="right"> 63 </td><td align="right"> 24.60% </td></tr>
<tr><td> 7th Great Grandparents </td><td align="right"> 512 </td><td align="right"> 71 </td><td align="right"> 13.86% </td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh38CMNMJpHXQs1zivXxtfN9nAzgihzOk4lFgdj6W2Us8kiqmz_4lkPqPYrTE9RJLMnDiXzTgzGI3-uU6sU13OjI4RHIuCcvH7ZWvKvsT3ArOtoO-ZH200Np7y0m7NJ_u3luc_u5D7JjcHA/s1600/otherbackground2.jpg"><td> <b>Total</b> </td><td align="right"> <b>1022</b> </td><td align="right"> <b>289</b> </td><td align="right"> <b>28.27%</b> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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My score of 28.27% is higher than some and lower than others. As for finding these missing leaves from my family tree, many lived at a time when record keeping was scarce, that is if documentation occurred at all. For example, my patrilineal 7th great-grandfather lived from 1636-1676 – therefore, he was born 376 years ago.<br />
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My numbers were influenced by the ancestries of my grandmothers. My paternal grandmother’s lineage is Colonial New England and these lines are fairly well documented. As for my maternal grandmother, her German ancestry is also well documented. Some of this knowledge came with a chance encounter of a third cousin about four years ago.<br />
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He knew the town from which our second great-grandmother was born; however, he did not know her name. I knew her name, but nothing about where in Germany she originated. The parish records were available on microfilm and he was able to secure copies for us to peruse. Our family trees were significantly enlarged.<br />
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It is my grandfathers' ancestries where the holes exist – especially the lineages from Pennsylvania before 1850. I can only go back so many generations and the trail is cold. I have some hunches that might take me back another generation, but I can neither prove nor disprove a relationship to other families with similar surnames. These places remain as blanks on my family tree.<br />
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I began my genealogical research in 1978, but must confess that I spent most of that time researching my surname by collecting data on collateral lines and seemingly unrelated lines of individuals who shared my low frequency surname and its variants. I only worked on other lines when it was convenient. Most of my research outside of my surname occurred from 1998 onward.<br />
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When I began in 1978, I could name all of my great-grandparents and 8 of my second great grandparents. I’ve come a long way, but at 28.27%, I have a long way to go. “Dream or a dud?” Finding any “mystery great” is always a dream.<br />
<br />Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-25553505688940266312012-09-03T16:27:00.001-04:002015-07-16T01:26:45.950-04:00My Top 10 Genealogical Finds<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcX0BjtpB0ozyU24qP9QquhTjV1sUi2x0IAhgGlmIBKpJlrfti0LJ6edcENU9PBdX4rAEpvpzrlmPnDTfi79mFr6DeqMRGAV0BvvtVURh3CVP6xVCWkZgoZAtMq0Ffs5TB9IakJRTZoIVN/s1600/famboard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcX0BjtpB0ozyU24qP9QquhTjV1sUi2x0IAhgGlmIBKpJlrfti0LJ6edcENU9PBdX4rAEpvpzrlmPnDTfi79mFr6DeqMRGAV0BvvtVURh3CVP6xVCWkZgoZAtMq0Ffs5TB9IakJRTZoIVN/s1600/famboard.jpg" /></a></div>
Over the years, I’ve had some interesting discoveries about my family. A few years ago, I made a list of 25 things I learned through my own research. Recently, I stumbled on that list and decided to add to it and whittle it down to the top ten. While I first became interested in family history in 1968, I did not begin serious family research until 1978.<br />
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Some of the following broke down brick walls, while others were just plain interesting and added to the information I already knew about an individual. I have listed these discoveries in descending order in importance. Much like <i>Billboard</i> magazine has a Hot 100 chart, my Famboard list has my personal “Hot 10.”<br />
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<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="right" valign="top">1.
</td>
<td>There are three branches of my Owston surname that cannot be satisfactorily connected back to the 1500s by traditional methods; however, Y-DNA testing indicates that all three lines share a common patrilineal ancestor.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTuMA8LX_SU91VzLKkBM6IFLTfnlclWODJUiKklOyHXnJNZRy3n_9VW7HxQ4jT7mO6RDgjVDhNTjpP40WtYfp4X6Zb9jDukasBI_t7ARS-xKmRp-MguIuPnDioBtCmZbX4F-DG_zYB3SnU/s1600/eastriding4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTuMA8LX_SU91VzLKkBM6IFLTfnlclWODJUiKklOyHXnJNZRy3n_9VW7HxQ4jT7mO6RDgjVDhNTjpP40WtYfp4X6Zb9jDukasBI_t7ARS-xKmRp-MguIuPnDioBtCmZbX4F-DG_zYB3SnU/s320/eastriding4.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">East Riding of Yorkshire - home of the Owston families.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Four of the participants (two from the Ganton family and one each from the Sherburn and Thornholme families) have 100% matches. Six other participants also had significant matches to these four individuals. Our I1 haplogroup is a possible indication that we have Viking forebears which is consistent with the Old Norse prefix in our surname.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right" valign="top">2.
</td>
<td>William Owston, my third great-grandfather who was master on the flagship HMS Superb in 1815, was presented to Napoleon as one of the ship's officers. This occurred when the emperor surrendered to the Channel Fleet and was presented to Admiral Henry Hotham in July of that year.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4SwqCgPSyFjZWf9V9fjew-3kLYKrvwJWiF4bF_NC2JNaC4iRoBi0LFyh3M1Ij5mepFxnKQBeRwTlpmRgr5ql6iG7V4GNzzdgalyhlbwVrKf6craVi4nEbG9D2PCNK2erQLYy7HZwupE9J/s1600/napleon-bellerophon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4SwqCgPSyFjZWf9V9fjew-3kLYKrvwJWiF4bF_NC2JNaC4iRoBi0LFyh3M1Ij5mepFxnKQBeRwTlpmRgr5ql6iG7V4GNzzdgalyhlbwVrKf6craVi4nEbG9D2PCNK2erQLYy7HZwupE9J/s320/napleon-bellerophon.jpg" width="232" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Napoleon on the HMS Bellerophon in July 1815</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Although this discovery began as family legend, historical sources confirmed that it was valid. According to the ship’s logs, Owston was in command of the vessel that day and Hotham’s memoirs corroborate that the wardroom officers had brunch with their esteemed guest. Additionally, Hotham was criticized by the Admiralty for offering military courtesies to an enemy of the Crown. Napoleon spent three hours on the Superb before returning to the HMS Bellerophon.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right" valign="top">3.
</td>
<td>For years I was misinformed of my great-grandmother's name. I was always told that it was Alice Amy Champlain. Through her husband’s pension records, I found that she really was Amy Alice Champlin. Once I made this discovery, I was able to trace most of her lineage through the 1600s.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtrln2HBoEXU1Iuka4uquwSskaLO_PuzK1251qlzljXX4yqrJ5pQKjga4lmnzOgQde0y3z_WuJYTPdHejXLeoK-jzx94Y5SJXLI13KOCVn1wRXePMJDHvSQQ0Jcfww90vLgtdGhdeAyMtj/s1600/wmgardner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtrln2HBoEXU1Iuka4uquwSskaLO_PuzK1251qlzljXX4yqrJ5pQKjga4lmnzOgQde0y3z_WuJYTPdHejXLeoK-jzx94Y5SJXLI13KOCVn1wRXePMJDHvSQQ0Jcfww90vLgtdGhdeAyMtj/s320/wmgardner.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Patriot Marker at the Gardner-Bulkeley Cemetery, Bozrah, CT</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Her ancestry includes at least four Revolutionary War patriots – of which I utilized my lineage to one (William Gardner of the 20th Connecticut Militia) to gain membership in the Sons of the American Revolution this year.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right" valign="top">4.
</td>
<td>My Gardner ancestors (of which I have three lines that converge) can be traced to King Edward III of England as well as to 70+ other royals in his lineage. These royal ancestors ruled areas that encompass geographic regions of the modern countries of England, Scotland, France, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Ukraine, Italy, Germany, and Israel.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2AsEI44oxhzJEowzBNcjb845tg9Bj0gu5779FOYWbCbGirnI2ISpgATQ1GVazZW6wy_s3zXv3T8T7OgTY7huoU2RZEDaxEs-SJFQMc5eZXAq3OPlm6YdVlsTu_xOQ0INO2vM9mvE_KN0h/s1600/edwardIII.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2AsEI44oxhzJEowzBNcjb845tg9Bj0gu5779FOYWbCbGirnI2ISpgATQ1GVazZW6wy_s3zXv3T8T7OgTY7huoU2RZEDaxEs-SJFQMc5eZXAq3OPlm6YdVlsTu_xOQ0INO2vM9mvE_KN0h/s320/edwardIII.jpg" width="264" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">King Edward III of England</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
While many Europeans (perhaps most) probably have similar claims – it still seems interesting to have a traceable royal connection nonetheless.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right" valign="top">5.
</td>
<td>My 7th great-grandfather George Owston became so interested in the Society of Friends, that he locked the door of the Church of England Parish Church (St. Hilda's) at Sherburn, Yorkshire. He absconded with the key and tied the bell so it could not be rung.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhn3l0zI2FZ9149kH0raSg0UuY0egIczY1zo94-J8_XDc9UzztoMYQZiXgdq9BmlwO38fkwuVFBLCSKgMO4xyWJWLewyQ9PcWJ8sIcvWxWA7AgUlzfwLCLJzFR6CUBGLbTU-DAFqsBlNlz/s1600/sthildas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhn3l0zI2FZ9149kH0raSg0UuY0egIczY1zo94-J8_XDc9UzztoMYQZiXgdq9BmlwO38fkwuVFBLCSKgMO4xyWJWLewyQ9PcWJ8sIcvWxWA7AgUlzfwLCLJzFR6CUBGLbTU-DAFqsBlNlz/s320/sthildas.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St. Hilda's Church prior to its 20th century restoration</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Because of his actions, he was the subject of a visitation by the Archdeacon of the East Riding of Yorkshire in 1670. Five years later, George was buried under the floor of this same church. </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right" valign="top">6.
</td>
<td>My grandfather's half brother (Ross Milton Covalt) attempted to steal a woman's purse in Hancock, Maryland in 1908 while intoxicated. He was chased down by a Catholic priest who happened to have been a former golden gloves champ and a sprinter. The priest gave him quite the pounding. The Hancock police felt so sorry for Covalt that they sent him home to his mother in Pennsylvania and dropped the charges concluding that the priest's beating was sufficient enough punishment for the crime.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhABKrFNkqvwQgUkgHM66yi7auQBR3u7PlekdwO_p-lj1NAThnB-fUixPXu65VVWp-rCKrTxih8EPtQBkRZGYQyBWDopittksnalwLRDY9JCLr9w9vu-Dv8zLDO0OZer72yBkVDF4tj8jlF/s1600/covalt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhABKrFNkqvwQgUkgHM66yi7auQBR3u7PlekdwO_p-lj1NAThnB-fUixPXu65VVWp-rCKrTxih8EPtQBkRZGYQyBWDopittksnalwLRDY9JCLr9w9vu-Dv8zLDO0OZer72yBkVDF4tj8jlF/s400/covalt.jpg" width="210" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>The Washington Herald</i>, May 4, 1908</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The story appeared in numerous newspapers across America where he was misidentified as Jackson Covalt also known as Jackson Brakeall.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right" valign="top">7.
</td>
<td>The house that my 3rd great grandmother, Ann Elizabeth Rausch Völler Eichenauer, had owned and had deeded to her daughter Elizabeth Eichenauer Goebert, was lifted off of its foundation during the Johnstown Flood of 1889 and was moved approximately 175 yards down two streets without suffering any major structural damage or loss of life.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMlj5e61IXYZardy692sl2sbQ0owrc0FPp0L_AHIUtVLS6J_UoFur4Tnl27ThiNFH-VINEc-q4Gp2gEIWhumERrwU-hOz6fptmudPab2iV1sAdZ0GD11ykh8i-kBTS1VVX7zyGioO-xClH/s1600/goeberthome.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMlj5e61IXYZardy692sl2sbQ0owrc0FPp0L_AHIUtVLS6J_UoFur4Tnl27ThiNFH-VINEc-q4Gp2gEIWhumERrwU-hOz6fptmudPab2iV1sAdZ0GD11ykh8i-kBTS1VVX7zyGioO-xClH/s320/goeberthome.jpg" width="307" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Movement of the Goebert Home during the Johnstown Flood.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
It was later moved back to its original location. It is not known if any of their large family was in the home at the time the disaster struck.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right" valign="top">8.
</td>
<td>My second great grandfather, George W. Staley, who served in Tennessee in the 62nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry, had a questionable injury during the Civil War. Some of his fellow soldiers testified that the ax wound he received as a pioneer was intentionally self inflicted and not accidental as he claimed.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjfiEhGOL_BfYhmYSIITmjcBAnbSy_0hmtz3cU4C673nENWNqtJaZA37kal9JsToi5ANozzpO8hC4DwnCwgLmsFNnS0czcxjuwxpD5GYN0I6zvrxW_ny4UWhmTlz7UOxPMJ-9D3j-HX79P/s1600/george_w_staley.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjfiEhGOL_BfYhmYSIITmjcBAnbSy_0hmtz3cU4C673nENWNqtJaZA37kal9JsToi5ANozzpO8hC4DwnCwgLmsFNnS0czcxjuwxpD5GYN0I6zvrxW_ny4UWhmTlz7UOxPMJ-9D3j-HX79P/s320/george_w_staley.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Grave at Independence-Butler Cemetery, Butler, OH</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Not enough evidence was present to prove the allegations and the US government granted him pension despite the testimony of some members of the 62nd OVI. Over 40 years later, the wound festered and required his leg to be amputated. He died shortly thereafter. </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right" valign="top">9.
</td>
<td>My grandmother's first husband Timothy Dalton’s 1903 murder at the Hotel Victory in East McKeesport, Pennsylvania was precipitated by racial slurs and pop-bottles hailed at the assailant. John Walter Swingler (sometimes identified as Zwingler and Zwlinger) drew a revolver and fired two shots – one mortally wounding Dalton and the other wounding my double great uncle John Freemont Merriman.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_1Wd59WxnXbyxIorKFbf__5_m-8GkF1VHUTQjKdt4Z8bagoymM9uZdYcjCtR2k4MdT6a_uzFf9KO_PZBJtO3seOV1h4uSo3rXjzl0Bn-jjYP1BqXGNWIEScEHG_ZxesbhAt2FnOY60onm/s1600/hotelvictory.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_1Wd59WxnXbyxIorKFbf__5_m-8GkF1VHUTQjKdt4Z8bagoymM9uZdYcjCtR2k4MdT6a_uzFf9KO_PZBJtO3seOV1h4uSo3rXjzl0Bn-jjYP1BqXGNWIEScEHG_ZxesbhAt2FnOY60onm/s320/hotelvictory.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hotel Victory in East McKeesport, PA.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
A capital murder charge was brought against Swingler; however, he was found guilty of voluntary manslaughter. Swingler was sentenced to 8 years in prison but the sentence was commuted to 5 years and 3 months for time served and good behavior. Swingler later returned to McKeesport and married. He is recorded as living with his brother Howard in the 1940 census. His wife Pearl predeceased him and they had no children.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right" valign="top">10.
</td>
<td>My step-father's father, Axel Peter Akerberg, was thought as being the only one of his family born in the US. This was the understanding of my stepfather and apparently the understanding of his father as well. Census records and the World War I draft registrations list him as being a natural born American citizen.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkm_iowQG0almbJ2LGtEcULyABSlr0pN7zYrmRtMq_oR0qeDfEO6YZ0AZMl0v54XmM1mtmDt6vl153Vh7iaa1waJHWHJqjoNVIVh8eydJg4v7GVKRK63KVtqfTkUp6zGKHF1TxEtJTat4H/s1600/axel_akerberg_family.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkm_iowQG0almbJ2LGtEcULyABSlr0pN7zYrmRtMq_oR0qeDfEO6YZ0AZMl0v54XmM1mtmDt6vl153Vh7iaa1waJHWHJqjoNVIVh8eydJg4v7GVKRK63KVtqfTkUp6zGKHF1TxEtJTat4H/s320/axel_akerberg_family.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Axel Akerberg and his wife Edith and son Charles circa 1905</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Emigration records from Sweden, however, indicate that he was born there and traveled with his mother and brothers to the US when he was five months of age. His father had moved to the US earlier that same year.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
These are the Top Ten genealogical discoveries I’ve made since beginning my journey as a family historian. I hope you found this as interesting as I had in making these personal discoveries. Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-60037258689291403052012-07-08T14:01:00.000-04:002012-12-22T21:07:30.098-05:00Triangulating Autosomal DNA Data<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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One of the more difficult things with autosomal DNA testing is determining relationships with those you match. If you are an autosomal customer with 23andMe, FTDNA, and/or Ancestry, finding the relationship between you and your "declared cousin" often is an impossible task. Sometimes, however, you can get hints on a relationship based on location, listed surnames, or by triangulating the data with other known relatives. <br />
<br />
Originally, the term triangulation was the estimation of distance or height by using the measurement of triangles – hence, the name "triangulation." In marine navigation, sextants were used to help triangulate positions of celestial bodies in reference to the horizon. <br />
<br />
Triangulation in DNA analysis allows for an unknown to be measured along with constants to determine a possible relationship with another person. In this post, I was able to narrow down the possibilities of the relationship between me and a person that shares a particularly high percentage of DNA. <br />
<br />
A few weeks ago, I was contacted by a lady named Jan who recently shared genomes with me and my brother. Her match at 0.41% was the fifth highest match of those who were not my known family members. With my brother, her 0.44% match was his sixth highest match for non-family members.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtAXOLLApl6Or34VeH_1hs06G4Z9ECxjLqjHBLdjwWakkhTLPcgSCvM3snXf7KzYnKBMUmffmqIjnFWJ9nU6w1xyp0qTng6o4S7QJJPvQZSwcBizkb_cfXPUKjVD5orx6VI88xBUjiLI6m/s1600/chrom19-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtAXOLLApl6Or34VeH_1hs06G4Z9ECxjLqjHBLdjwWakkhTLPcgSCvM3snXf7KzYnKBMUmffmqIjnFWJ9nU6w1xyp0qTng6o4S7QJJPvQZSwcBizkb_cfXPUKjVD5orx6VI88xBUjiLI6m/s1600/chrom19-1.jpg" /></a></div>
When Jan contacted me about how we might be related, I went by a methodical process of elimination that helped in the triangulation process. Since I have only one living parent, I checked if Jan matched my mother. She did not; therefore, such a high match was relegated to my father’s side. In many cases, this is as far as it goes as there are no indications where on a particular side the connection occurs. <br />
<br />
Since I’ve been particularly interested in my patrilineal line, I have had several relatives that have tested at the third cousin level and further distant. Not counting two individuals that have non paternity events within their lineage, I have five fourth cousins and a fourth cousin, once removed in this lineage. Since these folks are fairly distant, I am rarely able to triangulate relationships using these relatives. <br />
<br />
I am, however, blessed in having several closer paternal relatives by which to ascertain from which set of great-grandparents from where I could trace the connection. These individuals include the following: <br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>A half-cousin: George;</li>
<li>Two second cousins: Dick and Jodi; </li>
<li>A second cousin, once removed: Jerry; </li>
<li>A second cousin who is also a second cousin, once removed: Suzanne; and</li>
<li>A second cousin, twice removed who is a also third cousin, once removed: Craig. </li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
Since, I know that Jan’s connection is on my paternal side, I began looking to see if she shared with any of the above. Of the six individuals, Jan shared with only one – Suzanne. Although it was fortunate that the share was at the same location on Chromosome 19, there was one problem. I share 100% of Suzanne’s paternal ancestry and she shares 75% of my paternal ancestry. The only paternal line we do not share was my surname lineage and its related lines. For the Day/Champlin lines, our grandmothers were sisters. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm1YG4ay64hfoEm0hRblE4Vu8qQVyzYDot5-lAaEeNY9wDxMO0jLfUrq2mNQaNHsgD6NCiNfhxRdoeXSpBG9P6tQMvGSYQBYWCXGSUjFh0WNWc4-hnVLC9n6jfh-mrTkVHb13cBThlygQ-/s1600/day-connection.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm1YG4ay64hfoEm0hRblE4Vu8qQVyzYDot5-lAaEeNY9wDxMO0jLfUrq2mNQaNHsgD6NCiNfhxRdoeXSpBG9P6tQMvGSYQBYWCXGSUjFh0WNWc4-hnVLC9n6jfh-mrTkVHb13cBThlygQ-/s1600/day-connection.jpg" /></a></div>
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For the Merriman line, Suzanne's grandfather and my great-grandmother were siblings. <br />
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<br />
Unless other data were available, it looked like the match could be from most of my paternal lineage. I needed some way to eliminate either the Day/Champlin lineages of my grandmother or the Merriman line of my grandfather, his mother, and her forebears. <br />
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I began looking at others in our family to see if anything could be gleaned from Chromosome 19. With luck, we found a matching segment to a third party that was shared between my half-cousin George and my second cousin, once removed Jerry. Since they match on this segment, it had to be transmitted to George and Jerry via their common ancestors – the Day/Champlin lineages.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaxaVB5uX37GzwxAMXaFF6x3mvbuCHKcQPFthF9l7am294F8rk5yqvs6ChXwh7ZOgfkq6ZIumzStXuxeAc88VT2b0VfiOPGuDkYNJEk4WU7rr_XBWq-7sP-3oFVpyNW1FXtqBYnmzZyUnc/s1600/chrom19-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaxaVB5uX37GzwxAMXaFF6x3mvbuCHKcQPFthF9l7am294F8rk5yqvs6ChXwh7ZOgfkq6ZIumzStXuxeAc88VT2b0VfiOPGuDkYNJEk4WU7rr_XBWq-7sP-3oFVpyNW1FXtqBYnmzZyUnc/s1600/chrom19-3.jpg" /></a></div>
George received this segment from our common grandmother and Jerry from his great-grandmother, Lydia – my grandmother’s sister. We can also theorize the identity of the great-grandparent of mine from which this segment originates. Among the surnames listed for the matching individual is the name “Bulkeley.” <br />
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Interestingly enough, my great-grandmother has numerous family members buried in the “Gardner-Bulkeley Cemetery” in Bozrah, CT. While my great grandmother had three Gardner lines, we are uncertain how the Gardner families and the Bulkeley family were connected – but it appears that there may have been some other connection beyond sharing the cemetery name. <br />
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With the elimination of my grandmother’s lineage in the connection to Jan, we turn to Jan's shared segments with Suzanne, Chuck, and me – the Merriman family. While I know very little about some of the names contributing to this lineage, the names I do know are Merriman and Jones (my second great-grandmother’s maiden name). <br />
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While Merriman is an English surname, it does not appear to be the ancestry of my Merriman ancestors, as many secondary sources list the family as German in origin. According to these accounts, the family came from Germany and settled in Maryland prior to obtaining property in Allegheny County, PA around 1800. While the Merrimans are a large family, it is unfortunate that many of the maiden names of the women in this lineage are unknown. <br />
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Another person matching Jan and my family members on Chromosome 19 listed that her paternal great-grand parents were born in Germany and maternal lineage was Scandinavian. This would seem to indicate that our connection would be German in origin, as I have no recent Scandinavian ancestry. Others matching my brother and/or me at the same location also have some German ancestry. We know these matches are paternal, as my mother does not match any of these individuals. Since my second great-grandmother was Welsh, this would appear to eliminate her lineage and concentrate on the Merrimans and their allied families. Unfortunately, the records of the Merriman family prior to 1800 are scant. <br />
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We know that some of this family fought with Mad Anthony Wayne in the Indian Campaigns following the Revolution and they settled in Ohio Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania; however, beyond that, the details of this large family are largely unknown. There are also conflicting views on the number of Merriman patriarchs. Some genealogists believe that there was only one while others point to three brothers that sired this large family from western Allegheny County. While I was originally a proponent of the three brothers theory, other data have swayed me to consider a single patriarch view. <br />
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While we are no closer in finding Jan’s common ancestor with our family and she cannot pinpoint a specific lineage on her side, we were able to do the following:<br />
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<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Assume that the connection was German;</li>
<li>Narrow down the ancestry to my second great-grandfather’s family of Merriman and/or its associated lines;</li>
<li>Although not covered in the above, triangulation allowed us to determine that the paternal segments on Chromosome 19 for our brother John is from the Day lineage. Since John does not match Suzanne, me, or Chuck (Merriman) or George and Jerry (Champlin) on this segment, he would have inherited his paternal segment from my grandmother’s father. This may be helpful in determining future matches that he has at this location.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
Was it an exercise in futility? No, not really, as it showed how testing varied family members can help in formulating a hypothesis of relationship. It also showed how difficult it is track relationships when little is known about a particular family. The moral of this exercise is that triangulation is easier when you have a larger pool of close relatives for which to compare results. <br />
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<br />Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-8373383000094603162012-06-16T16:55:00.000-04:002013-08-14T15:10:22.086-04:00Genealogy by the Numbers: Confirming a Relationship with DNA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4w6LEK7Ry1v23TfUitXZ57a_V4nOSCeuODumn9lvSayVwptkxNY_RHovvydCg9MTRqtd8KjxLGo5fBY3iouGBrHDOMmKl9MKdB_05R_bEYsnkS1H1aYhb6qpp0cxIXI8KMd46K5SuQHad/s1600/genealogy_by_the_numbers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4w6LEK7Ry1v23TfUitXZ57a_V4nOSCeuODumn9lvSayVwptkxNY_RHovvydCg9MTRqtd8KjxLGo5fBY3iouGBrHDOMmKl9MKdB_05R_bEYsnkS1H1aYhb6qpp0cxIXI8KMd46K5SuQHad/s1600/genealogy_by_the_numbers.jpg" /></a></div>
There have been few items in the genealogist’s toolbox that can demolish those ever present brick walls; however, one that I have learned to depend upon to help solve some puzzles is DNA analysis. To date, four personal genealogical brick walls have collapsed through the use of both Y-DNA and autosomal DNA testing. Some of these dead ends could not be settled with almost 35 years of traditional research as documentation did not exist.
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Last week, autosomal DNA testing solved a mystery that I have been pondering since I discovered a relative at the Boston Public Library in 1988. Named Ruth Day, this woman could have been my father’s half-sister, first cousin through his Aunt Susie, or first cousin through his Aunt Lydia. While I had a theory on her relationship to my father, I could not confirm my suspicions until DNA analysis indicated a solution to this genealogical quandary. This was confirmed by the numbers in light of other family information.
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By comparing the amount of autosomal DNA shared between relatives, it is possible to estimate a relationship. Recombination of autosomes occurs randomly; however, as the amount of DNA shared between individuals lessens, the ability to predict a relationship with some accuracy becomes more difficult. For those who have shared DNA with my own family at under 0.75%, some of the relationships are quite distant. <a href="http://ongenetics.blogspot.com/2011/02/genetic-genealogy-and-single-segment.html" target="_blank">Steve Mount has a blog post that explains this very well</a>.
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To date, I have been able to confirm only three heretofore unknown relationships – a seventh cousin; a double 9th cousin, once removed; and a 12th cousin, twice removed. These relationships are quite distant and some share more DNA with me than those with known relationships. So predicting at lower levels is a gamble, but predicting approximate relationships with a higher percentage of DNA is possible.
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With that said, two individuals from an endogamous group (such as Ashkenazim) will have a higher shared percentage of DNA with more distant relationships. Even those with Colonial ancestry might have higher shared DNA percentages than indicated and that may explain the three distant relationships mentioned above as all three are related to me through my grandmother’s New England colonial ancestry.
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<h3>
Autosomal DNA Shared Between Close Cousins</h3>
With each generation, the average amount of shared DNA decreases by half; however, because recombination is random, this number is not exact. For example, I share at a less than average amount of DNA with one of my brothers – 41.00%. His son and I share only 14.90% of our DNA – a difference of 63.7% less than the preceding generation. With the range is outside of the normal range for a nephew, 23andMe calculates us as first cousins.
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Add another generation with my daughters and the percentages tend to right themselves. My youngest daughter and her first cousin share 9.13% of their DNA – a difference of 38.7% from the preceding generation – indicating that a more than average amount of DNA was retained with this next generation – although lower than the average 12.5% estimated share. My other daughter shares 7.38% with her cousin, which is a very low share for a first cousin; however, she retained 50.5% of the DNA that her father and cousin shared.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0AyIcfGZ7INqTsgQmVfAfCALCm_tN5LRLjHOB4IRA_VZRHTKRAWktz200pwBlV5cd1t3JuQbU4LCnbG71t7zxUXlVaAwNeHasgnb_MzJZrxRtILjXwn2ExdjC_t3tKpy1c26WlLpAjm3n/s1600/normal_distribution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0AyIcfGZ7INqTsgQmVfAfCALCm_tN5LRLjHOB4IRA_VZRHTKRAWktz200pwBlV5cd1t3JuQbU4LCnbG71t7zxUXlVaAwNeHasgnb_MzJZrxRtILjXwn2ExdjC_t3tKpy1c26WlLpAjm3n/s1600/normal_distribution.jpg" /></a></div>
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Following a normal curve, statistically 68.2% of all matches should occur within ±1 standard deviation (σ) from the mean score. The following chart indicates the ranges of ±1 standard deviation from the mean for each degree of relationship from first to third cousins.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoTJdo84MQS7iaSQsABgsrmOWguEEm4mJnxieYObeK_oO_uuxno5vIjQIcb4Quqtc-3oLKCtjtlgRnJUG2OGo88wBYue7vjxwfrEJQGlY7fwCXSLD4sotg0oroNCHf_0Vj3HSPDIrn67xg/s1600/SharedAutosomal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoTJdo84MQS7iaSQsABgsrmOWguEEm4mJnxieYObeK_oO_uuxno5vIjQIcb4Quqtc-3oLKCtjtlgRnJUG2OGo88wBYue7vjxwfrEJQGlY7fwCXSLD4sotg0oroNCHf_0Vj3HSPDIrn67xg/s1600/SharedAutosomal.jpg" /></a></div>
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Since there are a variety of relationships that fall within these ranges, I have identified the percentages according to the degree of relationship between the two subjects. These are based on the civil definition of degrees of relationship which is calculated by adding the total distance from the common ancestors for both subjects. Half first cousins have the same civil degree of relationship (4) as full first cousins; however, the amount of DNA shared is less and appears to be the same as first cousins, once removed (a degree of relationship of 5).<br />
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<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr><td> <b>Relationship</b></td><td align="center"> <b>DNA Degree </b><br />
<b>of Relationship</b> </td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnCNq7s04dBOit-WbUfzAGld-vlWFaLwHANu9hDMrtALRYTWUngk60Xfrin_JAL0EKXC0n1Rn2BQfyPA-W4SI30CYtwr2x-yetVAcualQVrtiCjurQOodoMRJ-D13QfXEyqHvxJdknP_6E/s1600/otherbackground-blue.jpg"><td> First Cousin</td><td align="center">4</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh38CMNMJpHXQs1zivXxtfN9nAzgihzOk4lFgdj6W2Us8kiqmz_4lkPqPYrTE9RJLMnDiXzTgzGI3-uU6sU13OjI4RHIuCcvH7ZWvKvsT3ArOtoO-ZH200Np7y0m7NJ_u3luc_u5D7JjcHA/s1600/otherbackground-orange.jpg"><td> First Cousin, Once Removed</td><td align="center" rowspan="2">5</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh38CMNMJpHXQs1zivXxtfN9nAzgihzOk4lFgdj6W2Us8kiqmz_4lkPqPYrTE9RJLMnDiXzTgzGI3-uU6sU13OjI4RHIuCcvH7ZWvKvsT3ArOtoO-ZH200Np7y0m7NJ_u3luc_u5D7JjcHA/s1600/otherbackground2.jpg"><td> Half Cousin*</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi03o-6RjCgQw0CsIn3Zb0JILNcTlXk29aASV8Z34XqomRpoee7-p0jYo5jhWGlR2hDBSqM4HVR24JUeSxsZbo946dZW-fwG8MsHP9XMvdGV2yCMCdpfCWsmP3byK8GTns6XoUTicq-e69B/s1600/otherbackground-orange.jpg"><td> Second Cousin</td><td align="center" rowspan="3">6</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi03o-6RjCgQw0CsIn3Zb0JILNcTlXk29aASV8Z34XqomRpoee7-p0jYo5jhWGlR2hDBSqM4HVR24JUeSxsZbo946dZW-fwG8MsHP9XMvdGV2yCMCdpfCWsmP3byK8GTns6XoUTicq-e69B/s1600/otherbackground-orange.jpg"><td> First Cousin, Twice Removed</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi03o-6RjCgQw0CsIn3Zb0JILNcTlXk29aASV8Z34XqomRpoee7-p0jYo5jhWGlR2hDBSqM4HVR24JUeSxsZbo946dZW-fwG8MsHP9XMvdGV2yCMCdpfCWsmP3byK8GTns6XoUTicq-e69B/s1600/otherbackground-orange.jpg"><td> Half Cousin, Once Removed*</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvVTClDzWqP0WAn62B_RA8yUoHhQl1hvyQ2LGuAhrZGMWIaDqLKJmxtPFjRci8KbHS5JdL5T6WLUkn7EYXFJPmWzQNw6jXSRzVRUlvpypWEaCBogCkRNnV_kzkonHeLLa6_r4dwzNTyuih/s1600/otherbackground-purple.jpg" r=""><td> Second Cousin, Once Removed</td><td align="center" rowspan="4">7</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvVTClDzWqP0WAn62B_RA8yUoHhQl1hvyQ2LGuAhrZGMWIaDqLKJmxtPFjRci8KbHS5JdL5T6WLUkn7EYXFJPmWzQNw6jXSRzVRUlvpypWEaCBogCkRNnV_kzkonHeLLa6_r4dwzNTyuih/s1600/otherbackground-purple.jpg"><td> First Cousin, Thrice Removed</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvVTClDzWqP0WAn62B_RA8yUoHhQl1hvyQ2LGuAhrZGMWIaDqLKJmxtPFjRci8KbHS5JdL5T6WLUkn7EYXFJPmWzQNw6jXSRzVRUlvpypWEaCBogCkRNnV_kzkonHeLLa6_r4dwzNTyuih/s1600/otherbackground-purple.jpg"><td> Half Second Cousin* </td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvVTClDzWqP0WAn62B_RA8yUoHhQl1hvyQ2LGuAhrZGMWIaDqLKJmxtPFjRci8KbHS5JdL5T6WLUkn7EYXFJPmWzQNw6jXSRzVRUlvpypWEaCBogCkRNnV_kzkonHeLLa6_r4dwzNTyuih/s1600/otherbackground-purple.jpg"><td> Half Cousin, Twice Removed*</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td> Third Cousin</td><td align="center" rowspan="4">8</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td> Second Cousin, Twice Removed</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td> Half Second Cousin, Once Removed* </td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td> Half Cousin, Thrice Removed* </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<center>
*half cousins have a degree of relationship one step higher; however, they share DNA with relationships of a lower degree.</center>
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<h3>
Finding Ruth Day</h3>
During spring 1988, I took a marathon research trip that took me to Newark and East Orange, New Jersey; Boston, Massachusetts; Concord and Claremont, New Hampshire; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. During that journey, I had the opportunity to visit the Boston Public Library and was able to find my great-grandfather (Thomas Day) in the soundex for the 1880 and 1900 census records for New London County, Connecticut.
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In the 1900 census, I discovered that his household contained a nine-year old granddaughter named Ruth Day. This was the first time that I encountered this name and really didn’t know how she was Thomas’ granddaughter. Since Thomas had three daughters and no sons, there were three primary possibilities of how she could have been related to me.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyUaPQRHSGSwN5Y2M33v2kFzLoOnjjtWCgSfHfAwx0tpmaLyisiJPGFuYcbMgNSBqdsZvuKftdyO8gszihnTgcDAbLHQDavaHnkoWmC67TZ1-NQvyqOeYpfJRMKQZ3dnvYjLsW0M8P2u_v/s1600/ruthday.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyUaPQRHSGSwN5Y2M33v2kFzLoOnjjtWCgSfHfAwx0tpmaLyisiJPGFuYcbMgNSBqdsZvuKftdyO8gszihnTgcDAbLHQDavaHnkoWmC67TZ1-NQvyqOeYpfJRMKQZ3dnvYjLsW0M8P2u_v/s1600/ruthday.jpg" /></a></div>
Although I pondered this over the years, I didn’t think much about it until I visited the National Archives in July 2009. During this trip, I decided to have Thomas Day’s Civil War pension record pulled for a second look. I had accessed it in February 2000 and it provided me very critical information that helped me enlarge my family tree. While looking at the documents, I noticed that Ruth Day was utilized by her grandfather as a witness to his documentation. The final entry that she witnessed was on March 9, 1907. Her address was listed as being North Stonington, CT.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiikUp7vv7hHP-n0di6CuCGbESlrwZ7QGMcPhcAUXtw0PanIqOxUS3Z0bnMSxsDuFWBty7788hfxiOG2rEb83Da3NiAs-4dmnQNmbq59vAXwQexaWmXJZCj8L1vuvL1Gcn4_vAhVXDbfH5o/s1600/ruthday-sigsm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiikUp7vv7hHP-n0di6CuCGbESlrwZ7QGMcPhcAUXtw0PanIqOxUS3Z0bnMSxsDuFWBty7788hfxiOG2rEb83Da3NiAs-4dmnQNmbq59vAXwQexaWmXJZCj8L1vuvL1Gcn4_vAhVXDbfH5o/s1600/ruthday-sigsm.jpg" /></a></div>
Not being able to find her under Ruth Day in the 1910 census, I assumed one of three scenarios: she had relocated, got married, or had died. I assumed that she must have married. I repeated my search to find a married woman by the name of Ruth who was born from 1889-1891 and who was living in North Stonington, CT.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicRD2v69i0YcmKPRq_BWDXGPQ3hYqNM4LR3TD8bXH_RHYd7byArP-GThxXaOGf6lE7F47NXElc1LO_fAvvFf8UaZuD-KERdaGYBySeOYp44PMHySGYhyphenhyphenJ5dLeeyxSPvt4dtPBOtWJi7VYi/s1600/ruthday-search.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicRD2v69i0YcmKPRq_BWDXGPQ3hYqNM4LR3TD8bXH_RHYd7byArP-GThxXaOGf6lE7F47NXElc1LO_fAvvFf8UaZuD-KERdaGYBySeOYp44PMHySGYhyphenhyphenJ5dLeeyxSPvt4dtPBOtWJi7VYi/s1600/ruthday-search.jpg" /></a></div>
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Three possible married women named Ruth from New London County were returned in the search on Ancestry. While one lived in Lyme and another lived in East Lyme, the third was living in Stonington. Ruth Tillinghast, the wife of Walter B. Tillinghast, seemed like a prime suspect to be <u>my</u> Ruth Day. I searched her husband’s name and found him among the family trees posted on Ancestry with his wife “Ruth Day.” In addition, I learned about the story of their son Julius who, at the age of 4, was adopted out because his mother never bonded with him. Julius Tillinghast became J. Russell “Russ” Deckard.
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvTmJb_lFsQfnn4dMJOvzz8kMFV2BzTvYdWOr52lxgkB2zcLav1odIHeSmYFmZl139svPhEjywK7xRJKsC6_RK_8ZWdKk3eBcdDdJgA1w3zn_nNNKeZ7-eUQsqKACG7YBj5cSBgigo-2m6/s1600/russdeckard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvTmJb_lFsQfnn4dMJOvzz8kMFV2BzTvYdWOr52lxgkB2zcLav1odIHeSmYFmZl139svPhEjywK7xRJKsC6_RK_8ZWdKk3eBcdDdJgA1w3zn_nNNKeZ7-eUQsqKACG7YBj5cSBgigo-2m6/s1600/russdeckard.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Russ Deckard Chief Radio Officer, SS Evangeline, 1941, World War II</td></tr>
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The tree was managed by Deckard’s son Gerald, and he included the transcript of the letter sent by Russ’ birth father to his adoptive father.<br />
<blockquote>
Mr. Deckard,
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I had no trouble getting Mrs. Tillinghast to sign the paper. I saw her about an hour and she did not mention his name even how he was or where he was or who was to adopt him. It makes me feel bad the interest she has shown in him but it is God’s will. I believe he knows best. You need not worry about her ever trying to see him for she won’t know where he is or who has him. I myself feel bad to do this but think it is the best for him as his mother takes no interest in him. I shall not try to see him here after. I was in the insurance office at Westerly but they had sent my book Saturday morning to the city so you will have to go the insurance office here in the city have it changed for yourself for I may not get the book before I go away but if I do and have time I will make them fix the book and policy. The next premium will be due the 20th of May next as I paid it in advance yesterday 9 weeks. I would like it to have paid 1 year in advance but could not on account of money. I am to have no money for two months in Kavey (???) as they would hold one month back.
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P.S. Mr. and Mrs. Deckard. I can never thank you enough for this kind and charitable deed you have done for me and mine and hope you people never have cause to regret it. I also hope you have no trouble to train him to your likes and dislikes.
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I remain your respectfully Walter B. Tillinghast</blockquote>
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Additional searching provided me further information regarding Ruth Day including her death at 45 in Rochester, Minnesota. I purchased her death certificate online and it arrived a few days later. Her tragic end was detailed by the attending physician. It appears that Ruth fractured her right femur during a fall in 1933. In late January 1935, she had a bone graft operation at the Mayo Clinic because the break was not joining together; however, she developed a pulmonary embolism following her operation and died. In time, her husband remarried.
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Even though her approximate birth date and location were known, her birth did not appear to be registered. I could not be certain on which one of the Day sisters was Ruth’s mother. Although I knew more about her in 2009, my ability to determine the identity of her mother had not changed since I discovered her existence 21 years earlier.
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<h3>
Daughter of Susie Eva Day?</h3>
As I analyzed the data, her birth on December 22, 1890 at Gales Ferry, CT, and other data helped narrow the possibilities. It would be unlikely that she was Susie’s child, as Susie was married at the time and would have been pregnant with her second child Myrtle in December 1890.
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Zu_BsMhtKxbTbWadGnW1bSI9HvWiQ6sFpfT53LyEBOdziKB-SPsk9HXZLvyYQMmUBPVHFuFNqOQwE9P-YV872SlBKszgxu-b9vo6R-UVv0LC6GMAJ6lRSLyRVB4gi-BbnzbYuxgMQ5Wr/s1600/susie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Zu_BsMhtKxbTbWadGnW1bSI9HvWiQ6sFpfT53LyEBOdziKB-SPsk9HXZLvyYQMmUBPVHFuFNqOQwE9P-YV872SlBKszgxu-b9vo6R-UVv0LC6GMAJ6lRSLyRVB4gi-BbnzbYuxgMQ5Wr/s1600/susie.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Susie and John Merriman with their youngest child, Lawrence Raymond Merriman</td></tr>
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Myrtle Merriman was born in May 1891. If Myrtle was premature, it is possible (but highly unlikely) that Susie could have given birth to both girls in that short period; however, there is also question regarding Ruth’s birth year. The 1900 census lists her being born in December 1890; she is also listed with the following ages on her last birthday during the following census: 1900 – 9, 1910 – 19, and 1920 – 29 – all corroborate an 1890 birth year.
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The 1930 census and her death certificate, however, indicate she was born in 1891. If this were the case, her birth 7 months after Myrtle’s could be believable, but not very probable. With Ruth having the name of Day, it is another strike against her being Susie’s daughter as she was already married to John Merriman at the time of Ruth’s birth.
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<h3>
Daughter of Lora Gardner Day?</h3>
Although Susie could be eliminated by the virtue of her own pregnancy, this was not the case with the second daughter Lora – my grandmother. In my mind, she was eliminated because in 1904 she gave birth to the fifth of her sixth children and named this daughter as Ruth E. Dalton. While it is possible to have two or more children with the same name (ask George Foreman), it wasn’t very probable.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOmYZ3Fvnrk77iC-kcPTparBsweco4hM1VV4bvLMD4OwoIazZSaxUxecmTTYZ3UfUxY2FfFbacgBOm7vnJlZ_byo8g3DFgGEopFpwx9Dg5Qm4VM7C0n66iXp5gyakXBOUurde0WzSmB7io/s1600/lora.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOmYZ3Fvnrk77iC-kcPTparBsweco4hM1VV4bvLMD4OwoIazZSaxUxecmTTYZ3UfUxY2FfFbacgBOm7vnJlZ_byo8g3DFgGEopFpwx9Dg5Qm4VM7C0n66iXp5gyakXBOUurde0WzSmB7io/s1600/lora.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lora with her youngest child: Charles Ellsworth Owston</td></tr>
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<h3>
Daughter of Lydia D. Day?</h3>
As far as I was concerned, Lydia, the youngest daughter of Thomas and Amy Day, was the best candidate for being Ruth Day’s mother. Lydia was born on September 10, 1875 and she would have been 15 years old when Ruth was born. Although younger than her sisters, circumstantial evidence pointed toward Lydia; however, I had no proof that she was the rightful mother of Ruth Day.
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On Ruth’s death certificate, a mother isn’t listed; however, Thomas Day was listed as her father. A birth certificate for Ruth Day was not found at Ledyard which includes the village of Gales Ferry. Although Thomas Day is listed on the death certificate for Ruth, it does not appear that he was her actual father. In the 1900 census, she is listed as his granddaughter and in various documents in his Civil War pension file, she is not listed among his children.
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr-YqhdV33hhBlU15mhI9sKJhM0dCXrhJ8tgwHRiHK9g1FbGnoQ1I9FRlntPk-jp5ElAtUSmf2jx-aOVHfANbo26Pv5aIUxkfIRESjCs6Iry7JPytfrS69VMxU2DegPumiWEKRWXN3VJhK/s1600/Lydia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr-YqhdV33hhBlU15mhI9sKJhM0dCXrhJ8tgwHRiHK9g1FbGnoQ1I9FRlntPk-jp5ElAtUSmf2jx-aOVHfANbo26Pv5aIUxkfIRESjCs6Iry7JPytfrS69VMxU2DegPumiWEKRWXN3VJhK/s1600/Lydia.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lydia (left) with sister Lora; identity of the baby is not known </td></tr>
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Of the sisters, Lydia is the one of which I know the least. She was the first of the three to pass away (August 1931) and she is the only one of the three to divorce a husband. She married Frank Ernest Botham circa 1892. One child, Elmer Ernest Botham, was produced from the union in 1893. It is uncertain when she divorced, as in an affidavit dated April 14, 1898, her father lists her as Lydia Botham and that she was married. In the 1900 census, Frank Botham was listed as still being married and having been so for eight years – even though Lydia was married to someone else by then.
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When she married William Henry Gorton in 1898, it appears that custody of her eldest son was retained by his father. The relationship she had, if any, with Elmer Botham is currently unknown; however, it appears to be negligible at best. He is not counted among her children in the 1900 and 1910 censuses. Four children were produced from her second marriage and included William H. Gorton, Jr. (1899), Henry Reynolds Gorton (1902), Mary Gorton (1904), and Elmore Gorton (1907). It appears that young Elmore died prior to the enumeration of the 1910 census.
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Being the youngest child of Thomas and Amy Day, Lydia was not quite 13 years of age when her mother passed away. During her critical adolescent years, a mother’s influence was absent, and this may have had a profound effect on Lydia. If she were Ruth’s mother, her pregnancy occurred in less than two years from the time of her mother’s death.
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Since the rearing of Ruth was consigned to her grandfather and Lydia’s child Elmer was raised by his father, it creates an interesting picture of Lydia’s psychosocial development. This same abandonment scenario appears to have occurred with Ruth and her son Julius and therefore, the behavior could be considered cyclic. That is, if Lydia was her mother – but neither Susie nor Lora had similar experiences with their children. In fact, Susie took in a grandchild and raised him as her own.
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Unfortunately, psychosocial similarities are not accepted proofs of descent. Without a birth certificate to prove Ruth Day’s maternity, I was back to square one – I knew she was related but not how. In August 2009, I messaged Gerald Deckard through his Find A Grave account to attempt to make contact with this newly found cousin; however, he did not discover my message until January 2012. After a series of emails, we decided to try the autosomal DNA route to see if a specific relationship might be confirmed.
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<h3>
Shared DNA Segments</h3>
By using induction, we should be able to confirm the relationship between Gerald and others who are descended from Thomas Wesley Day and Amy Alice Champlin. The amount of shared DNA among the subjects should be indicative of their relationships. In addition, the percentage of shared DNA should fall within ±1 standard deviation of the statistical mean for that relationship.
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Although I do not have contact with any known descendants of Lydia, we do have DNA results from seven descendants of Lora and two descendants of Susie. For the purpose of this analysis, we will consider the five closest matches. If Ruth were the child of Susie or Lora, then the relationship between Gerald and the appropriate subject would be that of a half cousin, once removed.
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The amount of DNA shared by half cousins, once removed would average at 3.13%. The range within ±1 standard deviation would be 2.06% to 4.20 %. Extending that range to ±2 standard deviations would increase the range from 1.63% to 4.62%. Theoretically, 95.4% of all matches within this close relationship should fall within this range. Even at ±3 standard deviations, the percentage shared ranges expand to 1.57% to 4.69%. Nearly all matches (99.7%) would fall within ±3 standard deviations.
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If Ruth were descended from Lydia, Gerald’s relationship with the others would be diminished to that of a second cousin, once removed. The amount shared for this relationship averages at 1.56%. The ranges for this relationship would be 1.03% to 2.10% ±1 standard deviation and a range of 0.82% to 2.30% with ±2 standard deviations.<br />
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<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh38CMNMJpHXQs1zivXxtfN9nAzgihzOk4lFgdj6W2Us8kiqmz_4lkPqPYrTE9RJLMnDiXzTgzGI3-uU6sU13OjI4RHIuCcvH7ZWvKvsT3ArOtoO-ZH200Np7y0m7NJ_u3luc_u5D7JjcHA/s1600/otherbackground2.jpg"><td align="center"><b>Subject</b></td><td align="center"> <b>Grandmother</b> </td><td><b align="center"> Amount of </b><br />
<b>Shared DNA</b> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"> Jim </td><td align="center">Lora</td><td align="center">1.47%</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td align="center"> Chuck </td><td align="center">Lora</td><td align="center">1.29%</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"> Suzanne </td><td align="center">Susie</td><td align="center">1.17%</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td align="center"> George </td><td align="center">Lora</td><td align="center">1.15%</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"> John </td><td align="center">Lora</td><td align="center">0.92%</td></tr>
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Although more samples from Susie’s line at the grandchild level and samples from Lydia’s known descendants (if any exist) would have been optimum in confirming Ruth Day’s maternal ancestry; however, by combining the information we currently know with the amounts of shared DNA, we may be able to infer that Ruth’s mother was Lydia.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXLAqQwInvDu8n0bnnJPKeKwyeVMBSkIgFW6S4ou-tZAh1SLLYSSZcwm6BwZEDftPJuo4Ker1K4-M19zc90fG8qaF816pGN8EQFc32W1SzgSeUYhp-86NgCPbDWC0JRuVmDQYLYxcEB24z/s1600/geraldmatches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXLAqQwInvDu8n0bnnJPKeKwyeVMBSkIgFW6S4ou-tZAh1SLLYSSZcwm6BwZEDftPJuo4Ker1K4-M19zc90fG8qaF816pGN8EQFc32W1SzgSeUYhp-86NgCPbDWC0JRuVmDQYLYxcEB24z/s1600/geraldmatches.jpg" /></a></div>
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Four of the five subjects are grandchildren from Lora and three of these subjects' results fall within ±1 standard deviation. A fourth, John, falls within ±2 standard deviations. There are enough samples here to confirm that Ruth Day was not the daughter of Lora Gardner Day and that her own daughter Ruth E. Dalton was probably named for this cousin.
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As for Susie’s descendants, we only have one sample from a grandchild; however, since that number falls within ±1 standard deviation for a second cousin, once removed; it is likely that the suspected relationship is accurate. Suzanne falls completely outside of the realm of a half-cousin, once removed even with ±3 standard deviations from the mean for the higher relationship. Even if she were an outlier, it would be expected that that the numbers would be higher for a supposed closer relationship. Two of Lora's grandchildren have higher results.
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As mentioned earlier, there are four other individuals that have been tested at 23andMe from this family: three great-grandchildren of Lora and a second great-grandson of Susie. The descendents of Lora should be related to Gerald as third cousins and Susie’s great-great-grandson, Craig, should have a relationship as a third cousin, once removed.<br />
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<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh38CMNMJpHXQs1zivXxtfN9nAzgihzOk4lFgdj6W2Us8kiqmz_4lkPqPYrTE9RJLMnDiXzTgzGI3-uU6sU13OjI4RHIuCcvH7ZWvKvsT3ArOtoO-ZH200Np7y0m7NJ_u3luc_u5D7JjcHA/s1600/otherbackground2.jpg"><td align="center"> <b>Subject</b> </td><td align="center"> <b>Ancestor</b> </td><td align="center"> <b>Amount of</b><br />
<b>Shared DNA</b> </td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td align="center">Lora</td><td align="center">Lora</td><td align="center">0.81%</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">Craig</td><td align="center">Susie</td><td align="center">0.79%</td></tr>
<tr background="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaxbv1gdGgWEP6sODusduIaQCKYiX1j6vW9BQCAKT9ofOJ8VuVVH_Ev3T0fg9yL9Ii8M777XovnA8VcG3XDFjErpWDVVb9UC_DeehBkFdS7Umvc3nbXcpL1-ZGcklYpKhV2ukH8XCaoVN/s1600/otherbackground.jpg"><td align="center"> Kristen </td><td align="center">Lora</td><td align="center">0.63%</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">Michael</td><td align="center">Lora</td><td align="center">0.00%</td></tr>
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As more distance is placed within a specific relationship, it is my experience is that it becomes more difficult to predict the suspected relationship. The average estimated DNA shared at the third cousin level is 0.78% while a third cousin, once removed would be 0.39%. It is also estimated that only 90% of third cousins will have shared DNA. That percentage drops to 0.45% at the fourth cousin level.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqLt0OgtgwktN3ZKBrQypulshW3LXrD3ounu-0XAubhbjFE1P6qM5juiF8uoRj5vgqwUF39ql1NGtMJjmoewYUQMKzcLQxMF2-Q6c9XoXvlXVL13FA7qF22PlTYVJOPgzNAIi8L9_rdnYb/s1600/geraldmatches2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqLt0OgtgwktN3ZKBrQypulshW3LXrD3ounu-0XAubhbjFE1P6qM5juiF8uoRj5vgqwUF39ql1NGtMJjmoewYUQMKzcLQxMF2-Q6c9XoXvlXVL13FA7qF22PlTYVJOPgzNAIi8L9_rdnYb/s1600/geraldmatches2.jpg" /></a></div>
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In the case of these family members, Michael shared no DNA with his suspected third cousin – but among the previous generation, Michael’s father had the least amount of DNA shared with Gerald. Lora and Kristen both fell within a ±1 standard deviation; however, Craig shared nearly twice as much for a third cousin, once removed. His results appear to be like that of a third cousin. He also has five shared segments.<br />
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<h3>
Conclusion</h3>
Although Craig’s unusually large match might implicate Susie as Ruth Day’s mother, other factors include the amount of DNA shared between Suzanne and Gerald and Susie’s pregnancy with Myrtle that overlaps the birth of Ruth. This evidence appears to eliminate the slightest possibility that Susie was Ruth’s mother.
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With four grandchildren of Lora sharing with Gerald at a relationship consistent with second cousins, once removed, she is eliminated by virtue of the lower numbers. The fact she also had named her daughter Ruth in 1904 adds weight to this argument.
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Although samples from Lydia’s line and additional samples from Susie’s grandchildren would provide further data and make the case stronger, I believe by combining the circumstantial evidence with the amount of DNA shared suggests that Lydia was Ruth Day’s mother. I have always assumed this, but had an inability to confirm my hypothesis.
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DNA analysis in this regard helped break down a brick wall in our family tree; however, enough other data was present to lead to this confirmation. Some close DNA matches, however, may not be able to suggest a relationship without the presence of other data. A suggested relationship by the numbers, however, may provide an impetus to look for the relationship in the correct direction; and thus, shared DNA can add to the body of genealogical evidence in determining one’s relationship with another individual.
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<br />Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-87695376161425168562012-06-04T21:28:00.003-04:002012-06-05T20:14:33.292-04:00Remembering the Civil War Dead: Part 2<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIYadqDVu1kbe4oCP204Kf7u7CIxHU8bhBoxPBrrM660MycZM0oTx4LbGtB1hmOY8VqYHaV2Fk_8jvukcKNRc6vuPNw4FXqOD20FzkcsUeXVZ91-H5W3XaWnsKeUQPj27fspUzXXk3xB8g/s1600/lestweforget02b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIYadqDVu1kbe4oCP204Kf7u7CIxHU8bhBoxPBrrM660MycZM0oTx4LbGtB1hmOY8VqYHaV2Fk_8jvukcKNRc6vuPNw4FXqOD20FzkcsUeXVZ91-H5W3XaWnsKeUQPj27fspUzXXk3xB8g/s1600/lestweforget02b.jpg" /></a></div>
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As an alternative to the “shield” type Civil War stone discussed in the previous installment, the federal government provided a simpler “slab” type of marker for Civil War vets. Some of the same companies that produced the “shield” marker also produced the “slab” headstone.
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The typical marker had the soldier’s name, regiment, and date of death that were carved as a bas relief style within a rectangle. Unfortunately, these stones were particularly vulnerable to the elements in industrial areas. A simpler version of the stone had the information cut into the white marble.
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In the Pittsburgh region, many of these stones are currently illegible due to the sulfur dioxide emissions as a byproduct of steel production. When the sulfur dioxide mixes with precipitation, it creates acid rain. This is disastrous to marble and limestone which causes the inscriptions to become illegible and the stone itself begins to flake. You will notice that several of the stones in this installment have suffered great damage.
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As with last time, we will look at several examples of government supplied “slab” type tombstones. All are from one regiment, the 9th Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps – also known as the 38th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. Except for one, all come from the Greater Pittsburgh area and all were photographed by the author during 2004. The men honored provide a cross section of service in the regiment and a brief description of their lives follows.
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<h3>
Joshua Bain</h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBLjDMU4Lc8CqYBYU67DEu1TlLunSUYNcXxuHWvgbmU12q-15PgemEbyf1KpfsA82rHH7BlLz5yyqlWxoDTDkDaH33jj6gleRBOwu1A97KLkn-F9k-oYThnPdE0bvt8QKZ57N61WSlBwhm/s1600/Bain+-+Culpeppr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBLjDMU4Lc8CqYBYU67DEu1TlLunSUYNcXxuHWvgbmU12q-15PgemEbyf1KpfsA82rHH7BlLz5yyqlWxoDTDkDaH33jj6gleRBOwu1A97KLkn-F9k-oYThnPdE0bvt8QKZ57N61WSlBwhm/s1600/Bain+-+Culpeppr.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Joshua Bain at Culpeper National Cemetery, Culpeper, VA</td></tr>
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One of the simpler versions of the standard “slab” type of governmental tombstone can be found at Culpeper National Cemetery in Culpeper, VA. The grave for Joshua Bain was photographed on June 14, 2004. A resident of the former Penn Township in Allegheny County, the 5 foot, 4 ¼ inch Bain was a coal miner by trade when he joined the McKeesport Union Guards (Company I) on June 18, 1861.
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As did many of the men in the Pennsylvania Reserves who had seen battle in the Seven Days and Second Bull Run Campaigns, Bain straggled behind as the regiment was getting in line of battle for the Maryland Campaign. By doing such, these stragglers missed the battles of South Mountain and Antietam. The stragglers in the division were summarily court martialed at the regimental level and were fined for their lack of participation.
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Because of the large numbers of stragglers, these men had to be punished, but not put through the process of a general court martial. Typically, these actions were called “drumhead court martials.” Bain was fined $10 for his absence and this was to be deducted from his pay on October 31, 1862. While $10 does not seem like much in today’s economy, the monthly pay of a private in the US Army was $12. Therefore, 83% of a soldier’s pay for one month was significant.
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While Bain had not always been a stellar soldier, his place of burial in a national cemetery speaks to the ultimate sacrifice that he paid. While on picket duty along the Orange and Alexandria Rail Road near the Forks of the Rapidan River, Bain was killed by Rebel cavalry. Originally buried near the rail road, his body was reinterred at the national cemetery.
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<h3>
John Vickeroth</h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRjmVCNSq_0zzOOSOAneLK_W9nNhqzdV9ZPtQOBxBQqQGzVDkAzwDS5nE64gQoi-hy8Aet2ypo5qAWABaLnc5iuvTPrYLHW3nwkD07Uhy-04p4yNktfWIH-2Zcv-EKPM7mrKW1zyxZlhtn/s1600/South+Side+Vickeroth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRjmVCNSq_0zzOOSOAneLK_W9nNhqzdV9ZPtQOBxBQqQGzVDkAzwDS5nE64gQoi-hy8Aet2ypo5qAWABaLnc5iuvTPrYLHW3nwkD07Uhy-04p4yNktfWIH-2Zcv-EKPM7mrKW1zyxZlhtn/s1600/South+Side+Vickeroth.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Vickeroth at South Side Cemetery, Pittsburgh, PA</td></tr>
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Born as Johannes Vickeroth in Hebel, Homburg, Hesse-Kassel, John Vickeroth, as he was to be known in America, was the illegitimate son of Martha Elisa Hausmann and Johannes Vickeroth. As he immigrated in 1848, he was probably among the number of German men who were dissatisfied with the lack of change after the March Revolution in the 39 states that comprised the German Confederation. Desiring additional freedoms, the Forty-Eighters came to America in droves. Like John Vickeroth, many of these men participated in the Civil War.
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Vickeroth was among the first enlistees in Conrad Feger Jackson’s company of the City Guards, Company B. Later as the company was incorporated into the 9th Pennsylvania Reserve, it became Company G. A carpenter by trade, the 5 foot 11 inch Vickeroth participated in the early battles of the Army of the Potomac. He was shot in the left thigh and was captured at Charles City Crossroads on June 30, 1862.
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He was released on parole on July 22, 1862 and was hospitalized following his return to the Union Army. He wound resulted in a “Limitation of motion of left thigh, leg, and foot” and his “Lameness prevented him from marching.” On December 2, 1862 he was discharged on a Surgeon’s Certificate of Disability being one-fourth disabled. Although he immediately filed for a pension, it would not be granted until 1869.
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Vickeroth was married to Elizabeth Keil (in 1863) and Eliza Schilling (in 1887) and outlived both wives as well as four of his six children. One of his children, his namesake son, lived only a day and one half dying of a brain compression due to forceps delivery at his birth in 1875.
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In September 1906, John Vickeroth sought and was granted citizenship by virtue of his Civil War service. He died on June 3, 1911 and was buried in the South Side Cemetery in Pittsburgh. The stone was photographed on October 8, 2004. His marker is one of the better examples of the “slab” type in the Pittsburgh area as it can be easily read. The cemetery's location on the south side of Mt. Washington away from the direct exposure of the mills along the Monongahela River may have protected it. <br />
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<h3>
Edward K. Davis</h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEvuG_zFf5wdFHvnt3liRfAUu4lAR0UZRKBbApEUKjjOWz0-yQxWuX3nFGeu23bsuxIhMj4XJWKooQte9EBQNl96_hp_kZ9Ak3gCUlTmHJ97eI7dDbal3FUt5fM71JdLjOkZ30aOMRi7x_/s1600/Davis_Grove.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEvuG_zFf5wdFHvnt3liRfAUu4lAR0UZRKBbApEUKjjOWz0-yQxWuX3nFGeu23bsuxIhMj4XJWKooQte9EBQNl96_hp_kZ9Ak3gCUlTmHJ97eI7dDbal3FUt5fM71JdLjOkZ30aOMRi7x_/s1600/Davis_Grove.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edward K. Davis at Grove Cemetery, New Brighton, PA</td></tr>
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Edward K. Davis was the son David and Sarah A. Davis of Fallston, Beaver County, Pennsylvania. While records of his age vary with different records, the 1900 census suggests that his birth occurred in July 1841; however, earlier records indicate that he probably was born between 1838 and 1840. A blacksmith by trade, he enlisted in the New Brighton Rifles (Company H) on April 19, 1861; however, his tenure with his unit was slightly over one year in duration.
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On December 20, 1861, the 9th Reserve was engaged with the enemy at Dranesville, Virginia in what would become the first victory of the Army of the Potomac. During this battle, Davis received a gunshot wound to the left leg. He was one of several members of the regiment that General E.O.C. Ord recommended as “worthy of a certificate of merit for . . . bravery and gallantry.” Following his injury, he spent most of the time in the division hospital and on furlough back to Beaver County. Upon his return, he was sent to the general hospital on March 6, 1862.
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Because his wound hampered his ability to march, he was discharged on a Surgeon’s Certificate of Disability on April 30, 1862. Davis returned home where he married, fathered seven children, and worked in a variety of jobs. By 1890, the Davis family moved to Allegheny County. He died in Swissvale on January 9, 1913 and was survived by his widow and three children.<br />
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His remains were taken home to Beaver County where they now rest in New Brighton’s Grove Cemetery. The above photo was taken on June 29, 2004. The stone shows the flaking of gypsum that occurs when acid rain contacts stone high in calcium carbonate. In addition to the marker a GAR ceramic flag holder is seen in the photograph. Each of these were numbered and the local post kept a record of the soldier's service and his date of death.<br />
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<h3>
Jacob Coneby </h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-DJyqQHlhIVMxuIezFJsDFnOsuhdoLUFIpwk0vMEbkEzXkNlqllF6AS-skqZNvOI_maNiMLc6Dt1rnbFXJJsi1ny4_dqZprnjrwaRBs7euliomzscQbf5rcy5-h8hju5GNVEn3YuE4aQE/s1600/Coneby_St_Marys.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-DJyqQHlhIVMxuIezFJsDFnOsuhdoLUFIpwk0vMEbkEzXkNlqllF6AS-skqZNvOI_maNiMLc6Dt1rnbFXJJsi1ny4_dqZprnjrwaRBs7euliomzscQbf5rcy5-h8hju5GNVEn3YuE4aQE/s1600/Coneby_St_Marys.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jacob Coneby at St. Mary's Catholic Cemetery, Munhall, PA</td></tr>
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Born on May 1, 1835 in Baltimore, Maryland, Jacob Coneby was a coal miner residing with James and Hanah [sic] Flinn in Baldwin Township, Pennsylvania in 1860. Because of the location of his home and that he enlisted in Robert Anderson’s Government Guards on May 15, 1861, it is thought that he may have belonged to a segment of men who were an overflow of the McKeesport Union Guards. Many of the men from Company D were from McKeesport’s sphere of influence and could have helped alleviate the deficit of men found in that company.
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Private Coneby participated in all of the regiment’s battles through the Maryland campaign where he was wounded at Antietam. For a short period of time, he was detached to the regiment’s ambulance corps, but was reassigned as regimental teamster by Lt. Col. James McKinney Snodgrass on February 15, 1863. He remained in that position until muster out in May 1864 and participated in no further engagements.
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He returned to coal mining following the war and was a charter member of Homestead’s General Griffen Post #207 of the Grand Army of the Republic in May 1881. Not remaining current with his membership, he was dropped from the rolls of the post in 1884.
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Coneby married his wife Mary Jane in 1864 or 1865 and the couple produced one daughter, Laura. The 1900 census indicates that Mary Jane had another living child as well. By 1910, Jacob was a widower and was living with his daughter and son-in-law William Hickman.<br />
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Coneby died at Hays (now Pittsburgh) on November 13, 1913 and was buried in St. Mary’s Cemetery in Munhall, PA. The deterioration of his marker is typical of what is found in the Pittsburgh area. This stone was photographed on October 8, 2004. It is nearly illegible except for the name of "Jacob"; however, this stone shows less of the characteristic gypsum flaking.<br />
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<h3>
Thomas W. Kirkwood</h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp7ET_xVHUrREmkB8URoUA8yc_OTwCZMSYm8P_oB-biy_Ou9sTemTw34j8v6jg7vw5sBrJ_n0XD2Nwh0AJQfmrdSyuW9dS53mpdqUQwtpB6bK41aK96GM2k1kxdDbpS4tPbhfnGVrDjMw8/s1600/Kirkwood+-+Versailles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp7ET_xVHUrREmkB8URoUA8yc_OTwCZMSYm8P_oB-biy_Ou9sTemTw34j8v6jg7vw5sBrJ_n0XD2Nwh0AJQfmrdSyuW9dS53mpdqUQwtpB6bK41aK96GM2k1kxdDbpS4tPbhfnGVrDjMw8/s1600/Kirkwood+-+Versailles.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Thomas W. Kirkwood at McKeesport-Versailles, McKeesport, PA</td></tr>
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Born circa 1841, Thomas W. Kirkwood was the son of Samuel and Lucinda Kirkwood of McKeesport, Pennsylvania. Although throughout his life he worked in a variety of occupations, the younger Kirkwood was a cigar maker at the time of his enlistment in the McKeesport Union Guards in 1861.
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At Beaver Dam Creek on June 26, 1862, Kirkwood was captured by the Confederate Army. During his incarceration at Belle Island Prison in Richmond, he contracted typhoid fever which significantly weakened his constitution. He was paroled on August 8, 1862 with other sick and wounded Union soldiers and was sent for treatment on a hospital ship anchored at Fortress Monroe, Virginia. He returned to Company I in October 1862 and participated in all of the subsequent campaigns of the regiment without incident.
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Following the death of his wife Hannah in 1881, he applied for a pension as he found it difficult to work a full time job due to his health. When the pension laws changed in 1890, he was granted his request; however, he only benefited from it for a short while – if he benefited from it at all. McKeesport-Versailles Cemetery records indicate that he died on December 2, 1891; however, since Lee Brothers provided the stone under contract dated September 5, 1891, it is likely that his death actually occurred in 1890. His pension was canceled shortly after it was issued.
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His stone is one of the most exposed “slab” type markers that I have seen. The stones were between 30 and 42 inches tall and it was intended that only 12 inches would show above ground. In this instance, it appears that more than half of the stone is exposed. This stone was photographed on July 1, 2004. This stone was only found by comparing cemetery records for the section and determining that it was his grave. The name of "Kirkwood "is barely identifiable. <br />
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<h3>
Felix Machalewski</h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDesh02ilIKucqh0dT2BgrpcqDI9yGObTREuTXiwhja1G3vNa_rAITqHv81yuDqw4XVwRq65qx40LFGyqvCFGukkndHfePoIUjp6_9_1RFUgEtwcBVPV2nEJ_eWu-S6b6yR2DNNS6RDcoC/s1600/Machalewski_St_Wendelin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDesh02ilIKucqh0dT2BgrpcqDI9yGObTREuTXiwhja1G3vNa_rAITqHv81yuDqw4XVwRq65qx40LFGyqvCFGukkndHfePoIUjp6_9_1RFUgEtwcBVPV2nEJ_eWu-S6b6yR2DNNS6RDcoC/s1600/Machalewski_St_Wendelin.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Felix Machalewski at St. Wendelin Catholic Cemetery, Carrick, PA</td></tr>
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The son of Ignatz Machalewski and Catharina Mushinska, Felix Machalewski was born April 25, 1843 in Konitz in the Kingdom of Prussia. His hometown is now known as Chojnice, Poland. While many of the soldiers in the 9th born outside of the United States came from the British Isles and various German states, Machalewski was the unit’s only Polish member. He immigrated to the America in August 1860, and in less than a year, he had tendered his service to the Garibaldi Guards (Company B) of the 9th Reserves.
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At Charles City Crossroads on June 30, 1862, he received a gunshot wound in his left hand that required the complete amputation of his middle finger. He was sent to Davis Island, NY for hospital treatment. In April 1863, he was listed as deserting from the hospital. His whereabouts between the spring and fall 1863 are missing from his records.
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He rejoined the regiment during fall 1863 and apparently his absence was not charged against him. He finished out his tour of duty and was mustered out with the regiment in May 1864. Additionally, he was granted a pension in 1871 for $3.00 a month for the loss of his finger. Based on his military service, Machalewski was naturalized as an American citizen in November 1864.
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Although prior the to war Machalewski was employed as a butcher, he later worked in Pittsburgh’s glass trade. He and his wife, Julia Kempf (a native of Baden), were married at St. Mary’s German Catholic Church at Allegheny City (Pittsburgh’s North Side) on April 25, 1865. The couple had at least five sons; however, since the family cannot be located in the 1900 census, it is difficult to determine how many children they produced in total.<br />
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Machelewski died from gastric cancer on August 15, 1906 at 2237 Southern Avenue, Carrick, Allegheny County, PA. He was buried at St. Wendelin Cemetery on August 17. The photo was taken July 3, 2004. Still readable in 2004, the stone shows its age and acid rain exposure. <br />
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These six examples provide a look at the “slab” markers that mark the graves of Civil War soldiers. There are other examples that are completely illegible. While several members of the 9th Pennsylvania Reserves are buried in McKeesport's Fairview Cemetery none of the dozen or so "slab" markers for Civil War vets can be identified without a concerted effort by using cemetery records. I've attempted this; however, determining where one section ends and another begins in this old cemetery appears to be haphazard at best. <br />
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<h3>
References</h3>
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Compiled Military Service Records of the 9th Pennsylvania Reserves; Records of the Adjutant General, Record Group 94; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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Coneby, Jacob. Pension record #939.529. Civil War and Later Pension Files; Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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Current Record of Headstones Provided for Deceased Union Civil War Veterans, 1879-1903, Rolls M-1845, National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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Davis, Edward K. Pension record #146.373. Civil War and Later Pension Files; Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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Eighth United States Census (1860); Washington ,DC: National Archives and Records Administration.
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Eleventh United States Census (1900); Washington ,DC: National Archives and Records Administration.
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Kirkwood,Thomas W. Pension record #744.968. Civil War and Later Pension Files; Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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Machalewski, Felix. Pension record #620.718. Civil War and Later Pension Files; Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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Naturalization Petitions of the U.S. District Court, 1820-1930, and Circuit Court, 1820-1911, for the Western District of Pennsylvania; NARA Series: M1537; National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Washington DC.
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Ninth United States Census (1880); Washington ,DC: National Archives and Records Administration.<br />
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Records of the General Griffen Post #207 of the Grand Army of the Republic, Homestead, PA; Pittsburgh, PA: Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall. <br />
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Regimental Records of the 9th Pennsylvania Reserves, Civil War Loose Record Files; Records of the Adjutant General, Record Group 94; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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Seventh United States Census (1850); Washington ,DC: National Archives and Records Administration.
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Special Schedules of the Eleventh Census (1890) Enumerating Union Veterans and Widows of Union Veterans of the Civil War; (National Archives Microfilm Publication M123, 118 rolls); Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15; National Archives, Washington, D.C.
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Twelfth United States Census (1910); Washington ,DC: National Archives and Records Administration.
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Vickeroth, John. Pension record #96,346. Civil War and Later Pension Files; Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.<br />
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Vickeroth, John. Death Records of Pittsburgh. Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh.Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5946578971422285697.post-4342466189401105812012-05-30T13:02:00.003-04:002012-08-31T15:15:34.684-04:00Remembering the Civil War Dead: Part 1<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_5Z0Gi2VOjbFspAEdq558Bxtqo7VGzQ21AQ1jxZ5YmrUV8GLD6lh84WiRm-eNjVK_OsdXo04uMC3cyDIgMHjtj2FIYWPc3Xgmf2gytOSNGN_3yU22o2NQdgIr28AF2bfbIpNtFFouK_7J/s1600/lestweforget01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_5Z0Gi2VOjbFspAEdq558Bxtqo7VGzQ21AQ1jxZ5YmrUV8GLD6lh84WiRm-eNjVK_OsdXo04uMC3cyDIgMHjtj2FIYWPc3Xgmf2gytOSNGN_3yU22o2NQdgIr28AF2bfbIpNtFFouK_7J/s1600/lestweforget01.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #006600; font-size: xx-small;">For a description of the elements in the above graphic, see the bottom of this post. Some objects are real and some are fabricated.</span>
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Because of this past Monday’s Memorial Day holiday, I thought I might feature something related to Civil War research and it struck me to feature several posts regarding government issued tombstones for vets. Since 1993, I’ve had the opportunity to perform some research on the 9th Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps also known as the 38th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. The 9th Reserve was primarily recruited from Allegheny, Beaver, and Crawford counties in Pennsylvania; however, numerous men also were drawn from Armstrong, Cambria, Fayette, Indiana, and Westmoreland counties as well.<br />
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In the next few installments, I’ll provide some photos of various government issued headstones and a brief synopsis of the soldiers buried beneath these markers. The first type of marker we’ll address is the original shield style of headstone. Depending upon the contractor and the nearest quarry, these were made of granite, limestone, marble, or whatever was available.<br />
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<h3>
William Johnson</h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi-Y97HR-8xOJeeBo4_atF1rtwQ7ahtZIyLmuIMnorYu70luncF1RHSyYAgK2myjfswOAMQfgWrHCzLBXq1MNYIfqG_7RKsS-59nx4PLIv0Kgly7e9vrV1tNV52pHNMTAt4qDElyXTX9cM/s1600/Johnson+-+Dayton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi-Y97HR-8xOJeeBo4_atF1rtwQ7ahtZIyLmuIMnorYu70luncF1RHSyYAgK2myjfswOAMQfgWrHCzLBXq1MNYIfqG_7RKsS-59nx4PLIv0Kgly7e9vrV1tNV52pHNMTAt4qDElyXTX9cM/s1600/Johnson+-+Dayton.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">William Johnson grave; Dayton (OH) National Cemetery, Montgomery County, OH</td></tr>
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William Johnson was born circa 1837 at Hanover, Washington County, Pennsylvania the son of Robert J. and Mary Johnson. Prior to his enlistment into Company C, 9th Reserves (The Iron City Guards) on July 13, 1861, he was a farm hand. Johnson was captured during the Battle of Second Bull Run. Upon his release a few days later, he was sent to Alexandria, VA to a hospital. He returned to the field to fight at Fredericksburg and Gettysburg.
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On October 7, 1863 he was transferred to the Veterans Reserve Corps where he finished out his term of service on July 2, 1864. With only a month remaining in the war, Johnson reenlisted as a veteran volunteer in March 1865. He was mustered out of service on March 12, 1866. In 1891, he admitted himself as a resident at the National Military Home in Dayton, Ohio in 1891. He died there on May 18, 1915 and he was subsequently interred in the adjacent National Cemetery. He never married and produced no issue – his next of kin was a nephew. His stone of white marble is thinner than earlier shield designed stones. About a dozen other men in the 9th Reserves are buried in this national cemetery. This photo was taken in July 2004.
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<h3>
Wallace J. Seymour</h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOdF0LkkGjAdNqkNOQwtBQ3EvhJ0fwhe5KrsYAG3E_o8KA-O8XMQVUUs3dNuQH7LZ4eb1B7Jb-tSJrxQKya4g5KhXsddH8d5_miMhDU7HoXzCUZ714DbjRbuPn_UGLoDSzpBAeTrrYl8Lj/s1600/Seymour+-+Greendale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOdF0LkkGjAdNqkNOQwtBQ3EvhJ0fwhe5KrsYAG3E_o8KA-O8XMQVUUs3dNuQH7LZ4eb1B7Jb-tSJrxQKya4g5KhXsddH8d5_miMhDU7HoXzCUZ714DbjRbuPn_UGLoDSzpBAeTrrYl8Lj/s1600/Seymour+-+Greendale.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wallace Seymour's grave at Greendale Cemetery, Meadville, Crawford County, PA</td></tr>
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While driving through Greendale Cemetery in Meadville, Pennsylvania during May 2007, I spied Wallace Seymour’s headstone. I was looking for a number of graves for members of the 9th Reserves in this medium to large cemetery; however, Seymour’s name was not on my list. Since he was buried close to a convenient intersection, his final resting place was easy to spot and it was a lucky find.
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Wallace Seymour was the son of Thomas J. Seymour, a wealthy iron master, and his wife Marian Stowe Barton. From all appearances, Wallace was born in Washington, Clarion County, Pennsylvania. The family settled in Meadville by 1860. When the call for troops was made for the Civil War, the Meadville Volunteers were raised by the local citizenry and were the last company to be accepted into the Pennsylvania State Militia.<br />
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Not yet being uniformed or armed, the company was ordered to
Pittsburgh for encampment and further orders. Seymour was one of the
first men to enlist in the fledgling company that later became
identified as Company F. Like Johnson, he was captured at Second Bull
Run. Unlike Johnson, his release was not eminent. He rejoined his
company at sometime prior to the Battle of Gettysburg. He finished out
his tour of duty and was mustered out in Pittsburgh in May 1864.
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When the pension laws changed in the late 1870s,
Seymour applied for an invalid pension because of a hemorrhage and disease
of the lungs that was related to his wartime service. His pension of $24.00 per month
was granted in March 1881. Unfortunately, he received only one or two
payments as he died one month later on April 17, 1881. His tombstone,
which came from Gross Brothers of Lee, Massachusetts, was erected in
1886.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibGpzIumLXLVwx-Sl_cNwhGCAXwEiIIhz0lR4dZjoLMBLCiSdnQBDRmW1yO0eEdmrMzgPceqkcKVFPS_UtEvl5_1aVrdE-QCxAQ4l4MZDqtnes2p6qWGKMpl0DcFNCBnCsAXcnhBPqyOO9/s1600/Seymour+-+Greendale2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibGpzIumLXLVwx-Sl_cNwhGCAXwEiIIhz0lR4dZjoLMBLCiSdnQBDRmW1yO0eEdmrMzgPceqkcKVFPS_UtEvl5_1aVrdE-QCxAQ4l4MZDqtnes2p6qWGKMpl0DcFNCBnCsAXcnhBPqyOO9/s1600/Seymour+-+Greendale2.jpg" /></a></div>
Incidentally, a second tombstone that has his names reversed is found elsewhere in the same cemetery. Located in the GAR section, this later replacement stone is one of several anomalies that I have found over the years. <br />
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<h3>
David Aston</h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNw7WP7p_3YTFXNDZphTWQws19RhTk0y-dmn465rd00CgeytgCgB6edAfTm-OUh659xTWruZg8vVMeJE4fJfmAl-haOalJ_yQkTUaOHLVMXQfMroWpvP4xw5AaYaDt9W5jEbaJhSJwhjRM/s1600/Aston+-+Mt+Pisgah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNw7WP7p_3YTFXNDZphTWQws19RhTk0y-dmn465rd00CgeytgCgB6edAfTm-OUh659xTWruZg8vVMeJE4fJfmAl-haOalJ_yQkTUaOHLVMXQfMroWpvP4xw5AaYaDt9W5jEbaJhSJwhjRM/s1600/Aston+-+Mt+Pisgah.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">David Aston's grave at Old Mt. Pisgah Cemetery, Greetree, Allegheny County, PA</td></tr>
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Over the hill from the Mt. Pisgah United Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Greentree, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania is an abandoned cemetery that is overgrown with weeds. Also known as the Mt. Pisgah Cemetery, it is not managed by the church and is the final resting place of five members of the Chartiers Valley Guards, which became Company E of the 9th Pennsylvania Reserves.
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Among those in the old cemetery is Corporal David Aston. The fair haired, blue eyed 19 year-old coal miner joined his unit that was an extension of an 1860 Wide Awake club from Temperanceville – now Pittsburgh’s West End. The son of John Aston and Mary Davis, he was born in 1841 at Pontypool, Abergavenny (Upper Division), Trevethan, Monmouthshire, Wales.
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When the regiment was organized in June 1861, Aston was elected as the company’s eighth corporal. A year later, he was wounded and captured at White Oak Swamp. By December 8, 1862, he had been released and returned to his unit prior to the Battle of Fredericksburg. He additionally advanced to fourth corporal and finally first corporal in April 1863.
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David Aston’s remaining term of service was without incident and he returned home in May 1864. Twenty years to the day after his muster out, David Aston breathed his last on 11 MAY 1884. Gross Brothers also provided this stone which was erected in 1888. Although abandoned as a cemetery, local patriots place flags on the graves every spring. The flag holder was from the Grand Army of the Republic – a post war veterans’ organization. The photo was taken in May 2005 at dusk.<br />
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<h3>
William Minor Croft</h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTGxrUCbNVqWfpYOZVQzhS5r9_PBayqx7G6XGUWhcL8RdJMmdrUfKeqfL4vgp_h80U7hVWOxYhpM3xx3Gt5u2I3d73tPgBE0HzAQFfs-q9fMS6pRX3R25A8G-GbBX1nxEtFV2GBsy5MlZH/s1600/Croft+-+Cook-Riverview.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTGxrUCbNVqWfpYOZVQzhS5r9_PBayqx7G6XGUWhcL8RdJMmdrUfKeqfL4vgp_h80U7hVWOxYhpM3xx3Gt5u2I3d73tPgBE0HzAQFfs-q9fMS6pRX3R25A8G-GbBX1nxEtFV2GBsy5MlZH/s1600/Croft+-+Cook-Riverview.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">William M. Croft's grave at Riverview Cemetery in Parkersburg, Wood County, WV</td></tr>
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From Lawrenceville Borough (now in Pittsburgh), William Minor Croft joined Company A (the Pittsburgh Rifles) prior to the Maryland Campaign in September 1862. Croft was born on September 22, 1835 to German immigrants Frederick and Mary Ann Croft. A sawyer by trade, Croft was listed on regimental documents as an experienced carpenter; however, it is not known if these talents were utilized. Since he joined the regiment late, he continued his service in the 190th Pennsylvania Volunteers.<br />
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At the Battle of Petersburg in June 1864, Croft was shot in the right wrist. His case was worthy of inclusion in the <i>Surgical & Medical History of the War of the Rebellion, Surgical Volume II</i>. He was operated on by Surgeon J.J. Comfort on July 3, 1864. The surgeon’s report listed that Croft’s “hand [was] turned inward; powerless.” He was discharged on a Surgeon’s Certificate of Disability on 25 February 1865 – it was reported that “his arm is useless” and was considered 2/3 disabled. He was pensioned during the following month.
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Croft later relocated to Wood County, West Virginia where he began a lumber concern. He died in 1904 and was buried in Cook-Riverview Cemetery in Parkersburg, West Virginia. One other member of the 9th Reserves, regimental musician Henry Stahl, is buried in this cemetery; in addition, an uncle of two other 9th PRVC vets is also buried there. Over time, Croft’s stone has sunk about an inch. The photo was taken in April 2002.
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<h3>
John Chess</h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipqsggngq9p36wS6DwhAp9AqwOBTyb237h1U7rogi3v1Z5ky6umHhneigFA3TDnktrhikKsaKBIMr9PNqVNS447KvkSyECjuUch3d_r8v1Cc3u4dgLC7HkkPMBpQlQ75w7cFx3JChQH0q-/s1600/Chess+-+Uniondale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipqsggngq9p36wS6DwhAp9AqwOBTyb237h1U7rogi3v1Z5ky6umHhneigFA3TDnktrhikKsaKBIMr9PNqVNS447KvkSyECjuUch3d_r8v1Cc3u4dgLC7HkkPMBpQlQ75w7cFx3JChQH0q-/s1600/Chess+-+Uniondale.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Remnant of John Chess' marker at Union Dale Cemetery, Pittsburgh, PA</td></tr>
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Our final shield stone comes from Union Dale Cemetery on Pittsburgh’s North Side and shows only a “nub” of the original marker for John Chess. At the age of 43, Chess was one of the older members of the 9th Pennsylvania Reserves. He and his son, John A. Chess, originally enlisted in the Allegheny Rangers which became Company K. The former Allegheny City tax collector was selected to be the regimental commissary sergeant when the regiment was organized.
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There are several references in letters and diaries that debated Sergeant Chess’ culinary abilities. It got so bad that the line officers complained and Chess was reduced to a private and returned to Company K in October 1861. By 1862, he was re-attached to the commissary department with a private’s rank, and he remained in that capacity throughout his service with the Ninth Reserve and his subsequent term as a veteran volunteer with the 190th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. John Chess never was placed in the line of battle during his four year stint with the army - his responsibility was seeing that the “army marched on its stomach.”
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His son, who is buried next to him, was mortally wounded at the Battle of Antietam. The elder Chess died in Allegheny City (now Pittsburgh’s North Side) on September 29, 1877. Sheldon and Sons, West Butler, Vermont provided the stone in 1888; however, records indicate that both tombstones were inscribed with the wrong regiment and listed another Pittsburgh area unit: Company D, 123rd Pennsylvania Volunteers. John A. Chess’ stone suffered a similar fate as that of his father’s. This photo was taken in August 2007.
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These five examples are representative of one of the styles of government supplied headstones for Union Civil War soldiers. I’ll look at further examples in future installments.
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<h3>
References</h3>
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Chess, John. Pension record #412.625. Civil War and Later Pension Files; Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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Compiled Military Service Records of the 9th Pennsylvania Reserves; Records of the Adjutant General, Record Group 94; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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Compiled Military Service Records of the 190th Pennsylvania Infantry; Records of the Adjutant General, Record Group 94; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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Croft, William M. Pension record #575.500. Civil War and Later Pension Files; Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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Current Record of Headstones Provided for Deceased Union Civil War Veterans, 1879-1903, Rolls M-1845, National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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Johnson, William. Pension record #515.087. Civil War and Later Pension Files; Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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Plat Records of Union Dale Cemetery, Pittsburgh, PA.
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Regimental Records of the 9th Pennsylvania Reserves, Civil War Loose Record Files; Records of the Adjutant General, Record Group 94; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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Regimental Records of the 190th Pennsylvania Infantry, Civil War Loose Record Files; Records of the Adjutant General, Record Group 94; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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<i>Register for the Central Branch of the National Military Home, Dayton, Ohio</i>; Historical Register of National Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, 1866-1938; Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15; National Archives, Washington, D.C.
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Seymour, Wallace. Pension record #184,636. Civil War and Later Pension Files; Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.
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<i>Surgical and Medical History of the War of the Rebellion, Surgical Volume II</i>. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1876.
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<h3>
Description of the Masthead Image</h3>
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The following is a description of the items in the masthead graphic. Caution: Some objects seem more natural than they appear. All relics are related to the 9th Pennsylvania Reserves. Starting at the top and working clockwise. <br />
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<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>A poster that in essence helped create the New Brighton Rifles (Company H) – a copy appeared in the <i>History of Beaver County</i>.</li>
<li>A patriotic cover for the Pennsylvania Volunteers with Colonel Robert Anderson’s signature added to it in Photoshop. Anderson was the original Lt. Colonel and the founding captain of Company D.</li>
<li>A photo of General Conrad Feger Jackson that was enhanced by encasing it in a patriotic photo frame. Jackson was the original colonel of the regiment and the founding captain of Company G.</li>
<li>Grand Army of the Republic Funeral Mourning Ribbon – fabricated a la Photoshop to be from the Corporal J.E. Turk post from Dayton, PA. Turk was a member of Company F.</li>
<li>A real Dranesville Reunion Ribbon for the 9th Reserve and a PA Reserves Ribbon bar. Both from the author’s collection.</li>
<li>Company I Captain Hartley Howard’s actual Society of the Fifth Army Corps membership medal. Photographed by the author in 2005.</li>
<li>An except from the page of Company C Captain Robert Taggart’s diary where he recounts the horrors he experienced at Antietam.</li>
<li>A photo of the Pittsburgh Rifles (Company A) prior to the formation of the regiment. The men are wearing the gray uniforms provided by the citizens of Pittsburgh. Seated (left to right): Hartley Howard, George T. Robinson, and George Dilworth. Standing (left to right): John S. Copley, George J. Hazlett, and Abner U. Howard. The photo is real, but the frame and its glass were created in Crystal Topaz an old DOS based modeling program.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
Jim Owstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13489905161227202406noreply@blogger.com0